Homework assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

preparedness - Assignment ExampleThis kind of reaction causes a friction that helps in the trans human bodyation of the existing rocks to form the amorphous rock (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003).However, a serial of researches have also reported that the amorphous rocks can topic from other processes like magma, very hot sediment that may come as a effect of earth movements like volcanic eruptions. After their sedimentation and subsequent cooling, the amorphous rock is formed.Actually, for this rock to be used in construction process, it must be specially prepared through a series of processes. First, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be effrontery a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be stray in the right shape to be used in construction. For instance, being that it can be used in making the bathroom tiles means that it should be accorded a kind of finishinthat will ma ke it be so smooth and shiny.The type of fervent rock used in the construction of houses is the granite. It is just because it posses the right qualities incumbent for the building and construction of various parts of a building structure (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003).According to the geological researches, the igneous rock is formed through a process of cooling and solidification of lava or magma. The magma undergoes a quartz glass process either intrusively or extrinsively. In this case, the intrinsic crystallization occurs when the process occurs underneath the surface of the earth. On the other hand, extrinsic crystallization occurs on the surface of the earth mainly from volcanic eruptions.In order of magnitude to process the materials from this rock, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be given a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be put in the right shape to be u sed in

Financial services ( Derivatives ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial services ( Derivatives ) - Essay ExampleIn unite Kingdom, derivatives can be traded by twain methods either through an over-the-counter (OTC) or organised give-and-take. The exchange traded derivatives market is controlled by Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Euronext.LIFFE that is based in London. Exchange traded derivatives ar unceasingly bought and sold in an exchange setting that is totally regulated and transparent. On the other hand, OTC exchanges takes order when trader prefer to trade directly with each other. Between both types of trade, there are two main differences Firstly, exchange traded contracts increases liquidity. Secondly, traders enter into a contract through the exchange clearing house which gives them a guarantee that the contract will be adhered to. Over-the-counter trade do not have that redundancy because there is always the risk that one of the contractors will fail to honour the original agreement thereby going into liquidation (Reid, 2013, p.1). This paper will focus on the list of bank and companies making losses from using derivatives and what are the risks and benefits of different types of derivatives contracts. Bank and Companies Exposed to Losses There are some banks and companies which are exposed to losses due to derivative contracts. ... The financial disorder with its rigorous liquidity and assent hee-haw seemed to detain to financial markets and institutions in the UK. It resulted in the failure of the key businesses, downturn in the economic exercise and reveals a quick drying up of liquidity following a huge expansion in credit issued to consumers and financial institutions. Metallgesellschaft AG engaged in a wide range of activities from engineering to trade and excavation and financial services. The firm was exposed to large derivatives related losses at its U.S. oil subsidiary which is cognize as Metallgesellschaft Refining and Marketing. It had accounted a loss of $1 billion. Metallgesellschaft AG losses were attributed to its wrong hedging program. adventure of Derivative Contracts Risks associated with derivatives are market risk, credit risk, counterparty credit risk, transparency risk, legal risk and basis risk. Counterparty commendation Risk It is the risk that a party to a derivative contract will be inefficacious to perform on its obligation. AIG tinted weakness in the supervision of counterparty risk and thus less clearable, OTC derivatives. AIGs counterparties had decided to only require collateral to cover counterparty risk of American International Group if AIG were downgraded. When American International Group did experience the difficulties simultaneous liquidity squeeze and collateral calls at AIG resulted in its ultimate bail-out to evade systemic outcome. Posting to collateral either through upfront margins or mark-to-market margins is used to understate counterparty risk to which they are exposed (Fsa, 2009, p.5). Transparency Risk The bankruptcy of Le hman Brothers tinted that positions and disclosure of firms in OTC derivative market were

Altria's Commitment to the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Altrias Commitment to the Environment - Essay manakinIt wants to switch consumers attention from the company for being solely a tobacco and alcohol company and maneuver that it has serious milieual concerns so it pursues actions friendly to human beings. It would have been useless if these concerns were only part of a public relations plan and were non implemented in reality.People, nowadays, have become more environmentally conscious so it is in the best interest of a company to repoint that it respects the environment and it does not challenge the various environmental groups. Altria has to show that it wants to protect peoples health and the best way to show it is by respecting the environment.No, the commitment will not offset the environmental issues with the tobacco company, at least not in the short - run. Each decision of the company made public will have an allude on its various stakeholders. So, a public relations campaign as this one will not bring the desired result s if the rest of company decisions and strategy show the opposite. Even if the company decisions are in accordance with the environmental issues, still a negative perception of the image requires a lot of season in order to be changed into a positive one.Altria necessitate to be sincere with its customers and although it implements its environmental actions it needs to adapt its strategy as a company and become really concerned for consumers health so this requires a strategic change from the tobacco business and diversify its product portfolio accordingly.Reference ListHarrison, J.S., Hitt, M.A. & Ireland, D. (2001). Mergers and acquisitions A guide to creating value for Stakeholders, Oxford University Press.Kimmel, A.J.(2004). Rumours and Rumour Control A Managers Guide to Understanding and Combating Rumours. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.McCall, J.B. & Stone, M.A.(2004). International Strategic selling A European Perspective.

Evidence & Expert Interview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evidence & right Interview Paper - Essay ExampleIn recent scenario, it has been reviewed that the healthcare sectors are facing challenges to efficaciously mitigate the accelerated health issues of common people. Leadership tuition and the organisational planning are considered to be the two most vital goals pertaining to any organization for its development. There are evidences in peer reviews and scholarly journals, which depicts about(predicate) the impact of nursing leadership over staff satisfaction, patients outcomes and the retention aspects. treat leadership at diversified levels of the organization, especially in patient care drastically affects the organizational development (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2013 Sherman, 2010). Organizational planning, another vital strategy for any business fosters sustainability and growth of it. Correspondingly, organization planning go out assist the nursing department in framing strategies to mitigate critical healthcare issues. Th is paper intends to argue about the importance of the said(prenominal) SMART goals at bottom a health care sector. Moreover, the paper impart also provide an insight on the peer reviewed articles, credible websites and expert view to support the aforementioned SMART goals importance to mitigate critical issues such as rear endcer within the healthcare sector. Peer-Reviewed Articles With reference to the article, an evaluation of the RCN Clinical Leadership Development Programme Part 2. by Cunningham and Kitson (2000), it can be ascertained that a program was being conducted in four acute hospital in England involving 4 senior nurse and 24 division sister to test, that if nurses are being accepted in a headship position will accelerate the quality of patient care. The intention of the program mentioned above was conducted to judge about leadership enhancement of the participants i.e. nurses. The process basically involved a survey asking the patients about the healthcare servic es they rendered. The data collected was then analyzed and an action plan was developed, which mainly think on the development of leadership quality of the participants. Correspondingly, it was later measured that the program had a positive proceeds on the nurses, significantly improving their leadership skill (Cunningham & Kitson, 2000). With reference to the article, Community and Home Care service Provided to Children with Cancer A Report from the Childrens Cancer root breast feeding Committee Clinical Practice Group by Frierdich, Goes and Dadd (2013), it can be analyzed that a survey conducted by Childrens Cancer Group Nursing Committee reflects and spread awareness among society about cancer and its endanger health effects. Furthermore, it has also been sight that conducting fairs and campaigns could contribute considerably in spreading awareness within the society. Correspondingly, the aforesaid scenario depicts about the telling organizational planning and its desired ou tcomes. Proper organizational planning for healthcare sector will ensure effective measures and awareness to mitigate critical health issues such as cancer under societal context. (Frierdich, Goes & Dadd, 2013). thinkable Websites With reference to a journal published by INSEAD, feedbacks from patients motivates and inspire nurses to develop skills enhancing their performance, inspire them to do better, helps them to retain

Group project discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group project discussion - endeavor Examplef the applications can be applied to gain a competitive advantage in the market and to reap higher profits through either cost cutting or fashioning higher revenues. Below, each of these applications is discussed along with its benefits and challenges of implementation.Customers are the main focus of SWU who they must treat with care, respect and quantify so that they keep returning to buy home decorations. The aim of a CRM system is to deliver the go withs services in such a way that it builds goodwill and customer loyalty. It is an interactive wait on that turns customer information into positive customer relationships. By offering the right product (or service), to the right customer, at the right place, at the right time through the right channel, to satisfy the customers accept or desire customer loyalty, customer retention and customer profitability can be construct (Swift, 2001). Today the emphasis of marketing has shifted towa rds 1 to 1 marketing and thus CRM now issues to needs of the customers by giving them customized products and services. Deploying CRM software from well known vendors including Siebel, SAP and Oracle, even large organizations are reaping enormous profits. CRM has grownup into a channel need and SWU can gain more market share by implementing it to cater to its small customer base. (Turban et al., 2005)While CRM systems cater to the customer side, SCM is involved at maintaining healthy relationships with the companys suppliers and improving its supply side processes. Being a manufacturer of home decoration goods, SWU needs supplies and inventories of nude materials at the manufacturing times. Inventory management, costing, production and maintaining friendly relationships with the suppliers all comes under the domain of SCM. However in a competitive world, only this is not enough. The company needs to collaborate and share its information with the suppliers making them business pa rtners to achieve the necessary integration required

Corporation Privacy and the Impact of Mess Media to Business Thesis

Corporation Privacy and the Impact of bungle Media to Business - Thesis ExampleThis research proposal holds significance in identifying the main steps take for the adoption of social media and helping adding to the literature on acceptance of technology. The need of the changing times requires us to study the practices of social media applications and determine how they differ in terms of different user motivations and social connections. It bequeath also be important in examining the behavioral life cycle modification in the variation, safekeeping and selection processes involved in the adoption of social media applications. The amount of literature on social medias usage by venial and micro-business owners is not much. There is a need to fill this gap in research literature regarding this subject. The research proposal is of extreme importance since the use of social media by small businesses is growing leading to the transformation of electronic commerce to social commerc.Thi s research problem would provide the tyrannical effects of Social Media for Businesses that how the media facilitates Corporations and why the social media is necessary for organizations.The research would be conduct by pursuit the methodology of Case Study and focused on the Qualitative approach. In this method, we would use the interviewing method within the case study, which would be possible by the related public and the employees of the concern corporations and the social media as well.

Geography Discuss how the writings of Henri Lefebvre have influenced Essay

Geography Discuss how the belles-lettres of Henri Lefebvre have influenced geographers understaning of the late city which has been persistently shped by the spaces - Essay Exampley of Consciousness (1925), Morceaux choises de Karl Marx (1934), Morceaux choises de Hegel (1938), LExistentialisme (1946), Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA (1950), Introduction to Modernity Twelve Preludes (1962), dialectic Materialism (1968), Evolution or Revolution (1974), Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marxs Death (1988), The Critique of Everyday lifespan (1991) and Writings on Cities published posthumously in 1996. It was through the translation and wide distribution of Dialectical Materialism that he became known worldwide as the father of the dialectic yet has also been hailed as the pioneer of critiques of the city and the spatial turn in theory.Following World War II, Lefebvre was greatly wedge by the depression of the people around him who felt alienated from the new forms of work in the impudently industrialized nation as well as by the new bureaucratic institutions of civil society. His writings exploring the ideas of Marx and Hegel were burned by the Vichy Regime during World War II and he was persecuted as a communist sympathizer following the war. It wasnt until the 1960s that he finally found a position as a professor at a school called Nanterre back in Paris where he was qualified to continue his work into the study of the cities. Nanterre provided an environment in which he developed his critique of the alienation of modern city life which was obscured by the mystifications of the consumerism and the mythification of Paris by the heritage and tourism industries. These critiques of the city were the basis for Lefebvres investigation of the cultural construction of stereotypical notions of cities, of nature and of regions (Shields, 2002). Within his writings, Lefebvre brought att ention to the tendency of academia to place likewise much emphasis upon the classification of studies as being psychology, sociology, archeology or geography among others,

Hilton Embraces Collaboration with Information Technology Partners Assignment

Hilton Embraces Collaboration with Information Technology Partners - Assignment ExampleIt was also pivotal to embrace collaboration with technology leaders because then, it would be possible to focus more on the partys core competencies. It is much easier for them to do so without having to worry about things such as systems implementation, search and development practices, and also technological solutions (Webb 1).One of the major problems associated with collaborating with five IT leaders might be their lose of cooperation. It may be hard trying to get these companies to grow together and share ideas, and also work through their interdependence (Webb 3). For example If AT&T and IBM refused to identify each others importance, it would be impossible for them to work together for the greater good of the company. Furthermore, it would be a major problem if the IT companies tumble to adhere to the organisation process that exists in the company. What this means is that, if there is a failure to follow the governance procedures that exist prior to the commencing of the contracts, there might be a loss of contract

Carbon based pollutants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

carbon copy based pollutants - Research Paper ExampleThis paper will first focus on carbonic acid gas emissions discussing its negative impact on health. Then, the paper focusing on the governments role in reducing CO2 emissions will discuss the Caps and Trade policy of the US government and the American rising Clean Energy and Security Act.Among the various detrimental greenhouse gases, CO2 is the one that has the most virility. Although, on a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a more intense greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but as it is show only in small quantities, its effect is minimal when compared to CO2. (Schobert, 2002). CO2 levels have shown an uphill path collectible to rampant industrialization that started in the 19th century. With economics deciding the fate of a country as well as of an individual, Industrialization acted as a catalyst for economics as well as environmental degradation. Humans have been modifying the environment through processes associated with industrialization...One of the most important results of these activities has been increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) (Berliner, 2004). The car park medical fact is humans have to exhale CO2, as high exposure of CO2 and pull in up of it in the human body will kill the person. However, CO2, emitted from the industries as well as burn based vehicles, are physically as well as mentally harming humans, other living beings and too the environment. The high exposure of CO2 will affect or injure the humans organs including nubble, lungs, etc causing many diseases like lung diseases, breathing problems, cancers and even death. The results of a study covering few heart patients from Boston showed that, carbon pollutants particularly from traffic exhausts was found to increase ST-segment depression, a condition in which at that place is a reduction in the hearts ability to conduct electricity. When levels of black carbon and particulates in the demeanor

International finance case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International finance possibility study - Essay ExampleThe will help the federation gain competitive advantage everyplace the global competitors. Though these benefits will exist but the company will face some financial issues that will be discussed in this report.Ruritania is a politically stable and economically developing country, but the notes of the country is not very stable. Four years ago, when the Crown, Ruritanias gold, was allowed to float freely by the government, at that place was a large drop in its value. In the past, the Crown had a centrally managed exchange rate. This caused the gold to have a fixed rate against the abroad currencies. The value of the currency dropped sharply when it was allowed to float freely in the foreign market. This is the evidence that a very low demand for the Crown existed in the foreign market. A floating exchange rate is self-correcting, as it fixes the exchange rate according to its demand.Although the currency has shown stabil ity now, but there is a risk of a drop in currency value in the future. This would cause the imports for the company to get expensive. If the company decides to purchase anything from foreign market, it will have to pay high costs. If the company is importing raw material from another country, the price of the raw material will go up and the company will lose out. The final product of the company will also be priced high because of the higher cost of raw material. This will cause the local competitors to gain a higher market share because they will be offering lower prices.The Crown faces risk in the worldwide market right now because only one and a half year has passed since it has been stable against the major international currencies. Eighteen months is not a very long period to determine the stability of currency of a country. Therefore this lack of a hard currency will restrict the ability of the company to import raw material from the headquarters in UK.The country

Study guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study guide - Assignment Example2. Both Christians and Jewish had their own deities and worshipping manner and Romans had many gods like Neptune, Venus and other Isis. Which were of Greek and Egyptian origin. Christian community homes serve hoary people and Jewish community home give affordable shelter to old people and catacombs atomic number 18 places of worship and these places are called Home care centre and church for worship in modern times.15. lx Nova depics Gothic architecture in its craft form where stained ice on windows are precondition artistic expressions. In this architecture the window glasses of a building had stains in different colours.1.Byzantine church building in San Vitale was consecrated in 547 and is situated in Italy and has exclusive mosaic work especially the musculus quadriceps femoris around the altar. This church has great religious significance has its has connection with Jesus Christ and his apostles .It is a go example of Byzantine architectur e and Justinian i posted in the central of the mosaic chanel . It has a angular choir and apse which project from the eastern side. It was the sole major church built during the Emperor Justinian. The inner of the church had a theology of color.2. The church was destroyed in fire and was changed in exterior and interior. The duomos West Front, North Porch, and South Porch all have 3 huge doors. The stained glass of the church remained after fire but the type of window of 12th century disappeared when renovated .The interior liberation was same and the stained glass was unique to the Gothic architecture. The royal were integrated into new cathedral and was reinventing chivalric style which attracted visitors. And the jamb statues were the figures of kings and queens.3. Giotti was a completely innovative painter of Italy and has been an evolution maker in Roman art history. He was born near Florence in 13th century and was a painter and architect. He has contributed practically t o the Italian artistic world and is considered

Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paper - Case Study ExampleIt goes without saying that enough clinical trials are requisite to ascertain its proper recitation for a variety of tumors at different parts of be.I would desire to draw your attention to the fact that though said device is functioning properly, it has not been thoroughly time-tested on its application. It will not be ethical to use the device without proper clinical trials as improper use of the machine could damage healthy cells and create side effects much(prenominal) as difficulty swallowing, soreness or redness in the mouth, nausea, dry mouth, loss of taste, earaches, especially when the treatment is cogitate at head and neck. That is also true when the machine is used for treatment of tumors at other body parts such as breast, lymph nodes or other localized solid tumors.Human life is curious and cannot be put at risk while attempting to cure cancers from the device. It would be highly unethical to use this device for radiation treatment of ca ncer patients because it has not been thoroughly tested for its use and application so that no harm is done to the patients.Ethical practices need to be followed in all business dealings accordingly, it is entirely unethical and improper to sell any accounting software without its appropriate testing. In fact, such action will tantamount to deceiving gullible

Globalization as a Catalyst for Inaquality, Volatility and Division Essay

Globalization as a atom smasher for Inaquality, Volatility and Division - Essay ExampleGlobalization is on the other hand blamed for the gain in the rich poor gap, environmental pollution and the threat to respect for human rights. The interconnectedness of the many a(prenominal) countries of the world is multifaceted and multifarious. Some of the problems of globalization derive from economics while others do not. It is important to spot though that whatever the cause of globalization, it has an impact on the reality of human life across the globe. finale Clash Increasing globalization has led to the clash of many socializations across the globe which has proved to be detrimental in some exercises. flip-flop agreements and international corporations are known to lead to a abjection of the environment, and diminish state sovereignty. The more developed countries obligate a culture of continuing growth which they incorrectly assume the other countries have whereas they do no t (Buckman, 200432). Many of the developing countries of the world contain an teemingness of labor whereas the countries of the West have technological knowhow. An increase in globalization leads to multinationals spreading to developing countries. Since in that respect is a large population in developing countries, demand for work is high which lead to change magnitude low wages and worker welfare. Globalization has led to the invention of technological inventions such as the network and TV. These technological inventions are capable of eroding or destroying the culture of people. Since most of these technological inventions such as TV and radio are more oriented to Western lifestyles and culture, they would increase the instance of Western value and culture being adopted by other people around the globe at the expense of the erosion of their own local cultures. While popular opinion may not rate culture and identity very highly in terms of influencing economic conditions, a dee per study of culture shows the plow is actually true. Globalization has led to the spread of Western economic systems wherein paid employment is becoming the average all over the world. Some cultures especially in the developing world depended upon subsistence farming for their economic funding (Velmeyer, 2004 76-87). Globalization has made many able bodied people to leave the farms and go to town to breast for paid employment which has resulted to increasing cases of food shortages as a result of lack of Agricultural labor. Trade Liberalization Globalization has led to increase trade linearization and the removing of trade barriers. While trade linearization has been hailed as a good thing by economic experts, it presents some challenges which have resulted to feuds in the international community. Trade ease has been seen by many in the developing world as increasing poverty and inequality in these countries rather than helping them attain economic independence and wealth. This has been compounded by the International bodies such as IMF and Worlds Bank. Most of the international bodies such as World Bank and the WTO have been accused of only fashioning rules that favor the most developed countries. A good example is the refusal by the developed rich countries of europium and the USA to offer incentives to developing countries through preferential trade agreements preferring to give aid instead. International bodies have also been accused of interfering in the internal affairs of countries in which they offer financial aid. For instance the World Bank in 1990 froze aid to Kenya until the Kenya

DRG Patient Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DRG tolerant Classification - Essay ExampleBreakeven Analysis Sales variable salute fixed cost allotment JFC Total FC Breakeven units HR gross bound DRG M 1700 1000 500,000 415000 915,000 1307 2 41.18% DRG J 2600 1200 280,000 249000 529,000 378 5 53.85% DRG P 900 600 110,000 166000 276,000 920 1 33.33% Total 890,000 830000 1,720,000 The company has 3 opposite DRG geek unhurrieds to which the firm provides its health service. The three different oddballs of uncomplainings generate various types of revenues streams. The DRG J patients generate $2600 in treatment cost which is the highest revenue figure among the three types of patients. The DRG J patients also realise the highest contribution allowance account at $1400, but also the highest profit margin at 53.85%. One of the negative aspects about the treatment of DRG J patients is that it takes company 5 hours to complete a treatment session for these patients. Time consuming patients limit the ability of the clinic to ha ve high patient turnover. few patients are served each month when a clinic has to spend 5 hours in DRG J patients instead of the cardinal hours and one hour its takes to serve DRG M and DRG P type patients. The DRG P patients have the lowest patient charge at $900. The good aspect of treating the DRG P patients is that the clinic only has to consume one hour of m to serve them. The DRG M patients generate the Beach Street office of Getwell Clinics a profit margin of 41.18%. These types of patient generate an average patient charge of $1700. The breakeven point in number of treatments varies by DRG type patient. The patients that have the highest breakeven point in terms of number of treatments are the DRG M patients. The reason that the breakeven point for DRG M patients is so high is because the total fixed cost for these patients is $915,000. The contribution margin for each patient is $700. The patient type that has the lowest breakeven points is the DRG J patients at 378 trea tments. The high contribution margin of $1400 and the lower total fixed cost are factor that led to the DRG J patients having the lowest breakeven point. The DRG P patients have a contribution margin of $300 and breakeven point in terms of 920 treatments. Despite having a low contribution margin the DRG P patients had the lowest total fixed cost at $276,000. When companies have excess capacity they should use that labor opportunity on the service or product that provides the greatest profitability which optimizes the use of the resources of the firm. The DRG patient type that provides the highest profitability for the clinic evidenced by its higher contribution margin and profit margin is the DRG J. An advertising design should target the DRG J patients because the treatment given to these patients generate more revenues than any other DRG patient type. The results generated by an advertising campaign can be measured in terms of how many more patients visited the clinic later the ads are run on television, radio, written press, or on the internet. Due to the fact that each DRG J patients bring to the clinic greater revenues per visit than any other patient these patients must be targeted more crisply by the firm. Based on the scenario that the clinic is at maximum capacity in terms of hours the firm should stomach its efforts on completing work orders that can be achieved in the fastest age possible. The DRG patient time that requires the least amount of time to complete a treatment is the

Review of Life Lessons from the Movie New York Stories

Of Life Lessons from the New York Stories - Movie Re thought process utilizationThe plot of Life Lessons looks simple but is emotionally intense and captures the psychological turmoil of an abstract artisan in the wild city of New York. The opening scene of the film shows Lionel struggling to impart for an coming(prenominal) exhibition and his dealer fears that he will not be able to produce the numbers of canvases he is required to produce. The reason is later found out to be the absence of his assistance cum prentice Paulette who has almost taken the shape of his personal muse. They both are sh take in to be in a riotous and complex relationship and apparently Paulette has left Lionel for a young comedian, who dumps her in one day. Lionel is furbish up to take her back at all cost and when he sees that she is not ready takes her back to his studio saying that it will only be a work relationship.Throughout the film it is seen that Lionel feeds on the informal tension amon gst him and Paulette and in his fits of passion, desire and anger is able to produce excellent work. The story ends on Lionel completing his master piece, Paulette leaving him and a Lionel meeting a young female artist, who he straight off offers the position of an assistant.The film can be seen as the directors tribute to the true record which lies trapped with in the artist and the agony that artist has to go through to unleash the pulsing muscularity of true art. The film is directed beautifully and the cinematography has get togethered a successful role in portraying what the director wants to show about the artist. Joe Brown wrote in his review of the film that the camera work was sensuous and the wet paint and vibrant colors brought life to the screen. The musical scores have been interconnected in the film at such instances that they add to the drama and intensity of the whole scene. The character of Lionel know as The Lion in the art world (Brown) is shown to be an arti st like Jackson Pollock, who holds a unique place American art history (Alloway). The opening scene where the agent comes to see Lionel actually shows Lionel as the caged lion through the bars of the old fashioned elevator. He is a prisoner of his own mind and has to paint not because he needs to but because he simply has to. Hal Hinson is also of the view that Lionel with his dirty blonde bangs and pulsing angry energy portrays the lion of an artist he is shown to be. Nolte/ Lionel is portrayed as a true artist who is selfish about his work will do almost any thing to keep his muse with him. The two lead characters of the film have thoroughly done umpire to their characters and the onscreen chemistry between the two is volatile and electric. Love is used as meaningless word legion(predicate) times between the two. He claiming again and again that he loves her and she asking again and again that if he loves her or not. Lionel acts as love stricken puppy following Paulette around and acting possessive and grabby yet it is seen that her teasing and hard to get attitude are the things that are a bridge between his mind and his canvas. Nolte has successfully portrayed the agony of an artist who is unable to find an inspiration and how low the artist can fall to hold on to the thing or person that inspires him. The women in the film play a more physical role. The camera captures the contours of their ankle, neck, fingers all of which are adorned

Themes in Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Themes in Popular Culture - Essay ExampleThe themes in Springsteens songs atomic number 18 often experienced by most batch and this perhaps is one of the reasons why his songs became popular among numerous Americans and other cultures. Springsteens ability to bring to life everyday, common circumstances is excellent so that listeners could advantageously relate to the songs as they enjoy and patronize his music. Along with Springsteen, another contemporary singer was making a name for himself, Bob Seger. The latter is not simply a contemporary of Springsteen but he similarly wrote songs with similar themes. To see the similarities on the works of the two popular culture artists, I will converse Segers Turn the Page along with the works of Springsteen.Turn the Page tells the life story of Seger in part as an artist. Just like Springsteen, he writes about every day or ordinary situations that reflect his thoughts and emotions. He wrote the aforementioned song while he was on the road, completing a whirl and it basically reflects how he felt about the trip. He starts off with a descriptive phrase On a long and lonesome highway which gives a clear picture of a deserted road. The monetary value highway, road or street are common terms Springsteen often use in his works. For instance, in his song Thunder Road, the phrases For a savior to rise from these streets, To trade in these travel on some wheels, Were riding out tonight and Thunder road all suggest a path, track or the like. Metaphorically, road is used as a symbol for a persons choices and way of life, a theme that is quite obvious in Springsteens lyrics. They suggest that in life, people are always presented with different roadstead and different roles but one cannot walk two roads at the same time. Therefore, a person has to make a choice. For Seger, the road that he has to take is condition it is east of Omaha. This does not mean that he will have

The economic crisis and Hospitality Industry in EU Essay Example for Free

The frugal crisis and cordial reception sedulousness in EU EssayThe report prepargond on the Economic crisis and the hospitality exertion in europium, is an attempt to have an insight on the major causes responsible for the sparing crisis in the atomic number 63an Hospitality arena. It also takes the attentions towards the effective and strong measures taken by the Nation at the EU level and the discipline level to locomote during the bad economy time.It was identified that the option of reducing their operating addresss was unitary of major strategies fol busteded by the enterprises in the touris punish sector of europium, along with this the scotch crisis gave a strong reason for the sm all in all enterprises to review their business methodologies so as to be able to have intercourse their business during the crisis rate of flow and also to increase the ratio of their profitability in the future times to hap. The European Hospitality sector has survived in t he course of instruction 2009 and it is pacing towards the recovery path in the current year.Studies reveal that the European hospitality assiduity leave behind be able to stabilise itself by year 2011 and it is sure that Europe pull up stakes definitely be able to bring nates its economy as they all stand coupled at times of need. Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said Yes, Europe has the unity, the faith and determination to win this strife. Introduction Global economy crisis has left no sector untouched moreover it can be argued and debated over that the near adversely affected sector in Europe is the entertainment and touristry sector.In other words, we can straight away state that Europes Hospitality industry is the near badly hit sector in the frugal crisis. The prime reason related with this is that the leisure and tourism get immediately and easily affected with the scotch fluctuations going on in whatsoever untaught or location. Almost all the tra vel activities require an optimal amount of expenditure to be machinate by an individual for the fun, entertainment and relaxation of his family or friends and people are comfortable spending bills for fun only at the favourable economic times.At the time of recession or the economic crisis, they would rather prefer to save their money for the unforeseen hard times that they index have to calculate in their future time to come. Thus they might consider saving their extra money for their radical necessities wish shelter, food and other family requirements. Although, this does not mean that people stop travelling completely save their frequency of travelling might get a chip down(a) because of the economic fluctuation and the tourists and travellers might adapt the idea of spending bit less on travel than their proposalned expenditure.Experts state that the tourism and hospitality business that can adapt to the situation that they can provide the best quality of run and cu stomer satisfaction on a tighter budget too can only survive at the time of economic crisis. There is a possibility that the customers/travellers do not comport luxurious build of services besides would be interested if they get the low cost services and this fundamental fits dead to the airline and the hospitality industry of Europe, too.Trevor J Ward, Managing Director, W Hospitality Group, told that there has been a loss of confidence in the whole banking system in Europe, which has reduced lending to businesses and individuals, and this reduction in credit is bear upon businesses and consumers alike. The fall in the house prices has affected the other business activities and consumer spending too and it has in a way affected the European hotel industry. HOTREC (Confederation of the National Hotel and Restaurant Associations in the EC)HOTREC is the name for the trade association of hotels, restaurants and cafes in Europe. They have combined together 40 national hospitality a ssociations in some 24 countries crossways Europe. European hospitality industry comprises of almost 9. 5 cardinal workers having network of Around 1. 7 million enterprises. HOTREC works towards the objective to promote the hospitality industry in Europe. Their motive of execution is to bring forth more number of jobs for the European people and thus boost the economy of Europe by enabling the hotels, restaurants and cafes to create more job opportunities.HOTREC works extensively towards achieving a competitive and stable tourism industry in Europe. All the policies are made and implemented by HOTREC with the vision to encourage the creation of environment commanding for the development of the hospitality sector. The Economic crisis and the hospitality industry The economic crisis has left no sector untouched and so the European hospitality industry is no less affected with this economic crisis. There are various zones or segments of the tourism industry that has got badly hit with this crisis.It has directly affected the business travels which were sooner frequent in Europe and was a key contributor in the profit earning of the European hotels and cafes but with this crisis the industry has seen tremendous fall down in the business travel of the people coming to Europe. not only the business travels, but the business events like the conferences, the presentations and the seminars which were quite in trend in Europe also got severely affected with the economic crisis and this once more has brought the profitability graph of the European Hotels and cafes.It is true that the although the industry has experienced a slowdown in the business travels and the business events, people are still stressful to figure bulge knocked out(p) the best deals in the lowest possible rates that fit to their budget and answer their purpose too as they are able to let their business function smoothly regardless of this economic crisis. They also try to find out the hotels which can provide them with the basic services without inquire them to pay a hefty amount for their adhere in the hotel.In a check out conducted by DLA PIPER 2009, the respondents were asked the major reasons for their lack of confidence in the Europeans hospitality industry during this economic crisis and the pot consisted of a couple of questionnaires like the struggle European economy, Lack of liquidity, Current operating performance of hotels, Time and cost restraints on consumer travel, Reduced business travel, Lack of confidence in Europes political leadership, Struggling US economy etc.Around 43% of the people considered lack of liquidity and almost 33% considered the struggling European economy to be the major contributors to the rapid downfall in the confidence level.A study utter that out of m some(prenominal) other reasons required to cope up with the effect of economic crisis in the hospitality industry in Europe the low cost of credit can be considered to be an effective step fighting against the crisis of funds and it is believed that the European commercial banks go away be the most active type of lender in the European hospitality industry in the coming year as they will work towards lowering their cost of credit and thus it will be skilful to the hospitality sector which is struggling due to the economic crisis.Data about European Hospitality industry This question is of major concern that that how long will this economic crisis go and how will all the European sectors survive in this bad economy when the correct world is getting affected with this global economic crisis. Despite other sectors, the European hotel industry is getting severely hit with this crisis and this can be closely understood by the data illustrated below. An analysis done by IMF, stated that Europes biggest economy, Germany will get severely affected during this crisis with a 5. 6- percentage GDP decline in 2009 and a 1.0-percent dip in 2010, while the GDP in the euro area, completely is expected to be going down to 4. 2 percent in 2009 and 0. 4 percent in 2010. The data reveals that the GDP rate will go down by 1. 5% in last quarter of the year as compared to the third quarter which is definitely a sign of concern and effective steps required to be taken to come out of this problem. Talking about the unemployment figures in the European hospitality sector in the year 2009, as compared to the numbers of year 2008, the statistics show that there will be a rise in the unemployment from 6,8% to 7,6% in EU27 and it will go up from 7,2% to 8,2% in Euro area.It is a matter of great concern and worry for the government of any country when they are experiencing a steady downfall in their GDP and their graph of unemployment is going gamy in any of its business sectors and that calls for the time when they all need to unite together to fight against this severe crisis as this is the indication of a very big crisis for that particular nation and the data clearly states that Europe is struggling badly with this situation and needs remedial measures which are effective enough to bring Europes hospitality industry to come out of this situation.The data also describes that there has been a telescopic drop in the European economic sentiment indicator which is also an important reason of the low confidence in the European hospitality industry. Figures state that the Economic Sentiment indicator, in short termed as ESI went down by 2. 2 points while it was earlier stable at 61. 0 points during Janaury-09 February 09 in EU27. magic spell it went down from 65. 4 points to 63. 6 points thus showing a downfall of 1,8 points in the Euro area. When the entire testicle is suffering from this problem of recession and bad economy, Europe is also facing the hit back in the tourism industry.A study revealed that the tourism prospects in the year 2009, for European cities will be a stage of stagnation or it may even go down by somewhat 3 % than the earlier times and figures. A survey conducted by Deloitte and Touche on the European hotels revealed that the occupancy rate of cortege in the hotels of Europe went down from 69. 3% in the year 2007 to 66. 9% in the year 2008. Although all the major cities of Europe have suffered due to this crisis but the most badly affected cities are Rome, capital of Ireland and Prague.According to the Eurobarometer survey conducted on the 27,000 tourists coming to 27 EU countries for their holidays with family and friends in the year 2009 , the study reflected that around 1/3 of the people stated that there has been a drastic adjustment in the plans which they make for their travel and leisure by decreasing their accommodation cost budget, out of which around 38% belonged to the house of completely swiping out the option of going to Europe for their holidays, others stated that there will be no change in their cost of accommodation budget due to this economic crisis.The study also stated that to fight against this crisis and still not completely go away with their idea of going on holidays, they would rather do little bit of adjustments and comprises to fit the holiday budget to their pocket.15% of the surveyors stated that they would save on accommodation, 23% mentioned that they would prefer to go on vacation in the low season when the prices will automatically come down and they do not need to cut down on their estimated budget, 23% mentioned that they would try to cut down on their restaurant expenses and 30% mentioned to cut down their shopping budget to manage their vacation and enjoy with their families and friends.Economic Crisis with low confidence The Economic crisis when followed with the lowering of confidence in any sector becomes a reason of great concern and worry for the government of any nation and the situations like this needs an immediate attention and plan of action as if it is not dealt in time it may lead to adverse consequences for th e economy of any nation. Such thing was experienced by the European hospitality industry in the year 2009.The data gathered by DLA piper 2009, Europe Hospitality sentinel survey on the reasons of low confidence on the European hospitality industry during the time of economic crisis were found to be Struggling European economy, current operating performance of hotels, time and cost restraints on consumer travel, Lack of liquidity (debt or equity), Struggling US economy, Reduced business travel and last but not the least Lack of confidence in Europes political leaders.A survey done by DLA Pipers 2009 Europe Hospitality Outlook Survey stated that almost 84 % of participants consider the European hospitality market to be bearish. Majority of the participants of the survey did not expect the European hospitality industry to come back to its original state until year 2011. Almost 70% of the people have cut down on their business travel due to the economic crisis.The survey also tried to gather numbers regarding the investment options in the European hotel industry and it found that around 71% of respondents believe that investment in Sustainable hotel development is a long-term trend. And there is a widespread risk of bankruptcy for European hotel chains. The major concern of the participants was the clause passed by EU parliament regarding the potential removal of an EU countrys right to opt-out from the Working Time Directive which limits to an employees working hours to forty eight hours only.They mentioned this to be a very strong reason to put a negative impact on the European hospitality industry. Recovery Plans of European Hospitality Industry It is a fact that the European hospitality industry, along with the other sectors has suffered major setbacks in the year 2009 due to the economic crisis and this can be well described and understood by the data gathered by DLA Piper 2009, Europe Hospitality Outlook survey.The survey revealed that almost 84% of the p articipants mentioned the European hospitality market to be the bearish one when queried regarding their confidence in the European economy they stated Expected tantalize of European economy, Foreign investment in European market, Abundance of equity capital available for investment, Expected rebound of US economy, Investment opportunities created by financial crisis and Confidence in Europes political leaders as the factors that in any situation will let the European hospitality industry come out of any such(prenominal) crisis in the present time and in the future times to come.European hospitality industry along with the major tourism associations like WTTC, UNWTO, HOTREC and PASTA are quite upbeat towards the idea that European hospitality sector will be able to cope up with this economic crisis and will easily survive this hard economic time. European tourism sector has faced a lot of obstacles till the time it has reached the 21st Century and developed such face of tourism fo r the entire world.Although, it is a true fact that this sector will go through hard times in the next coming months but the enterprises which are flexible enough to adapt to the required business nonplus and plan their strategies keeping in mind the existing scenario will easily be able to survive and develop a strong platform for their existence in the long run in the European Hospitality industry. The recovery plan to successfully face the problem of economic crisis has been divided into a hardly a(prenominal) segments or divisions so as to leave no stone unturned to fight with this scenario and bring back the economy to its stable state.It was segmented as 1. Recovery at EU level 2. Recovery at National Level We will discuss in brief the steps and measures taken at both the levels to beat the Economic crisis. 1. Recovery at EU level The European government considered dealing with the economic crisis quite seriously and so they planned the various meetings of the EU heads of St ate. They all mutually agreed upon chase three lines of actions so as to come out of this situation.First one was to promote the financial stability in such a way that the confidence level of the people gets a boost again on the government along with the European Economy which is badly affected with the economic crisis. Second plan of action was to get the real economy to the shape where it was earlier, and third one was the most important one. It was to stay tightly united to fight against the crisis and to work together at the global level. The third measure sounded bit simple to sate but it was the most effective plan of action to get out of such a critical situation.Several measures were taken by the Government at the EU level out of which one measure specifically taken by the EU state with regards to the hospitality industry was to change the existing VAT Rate system. The new readying stated that all the atom states will be granted the permission to apply for a reduced VAT Rate for the restaurant services. The current provision had this option to only 11 members so now this will be applicable to all the member states in EU.

How war dehumanizes people Essay Example for Free

How war dehumanizes people EssayDuring the war people were deprived of their alwaysyday necessities and also their living conditions, They neer got the luxury of sleeping in big warm clean beds or even clean clothes therefore changing the way they act and the way look at things such as murder. During the war you go through and through the trenches and fields watching people die, and even killing people themselves. Everyday people would not be able to just sit there and watch someone as they slowly die. The narrator of this novel, Charles Yale Harrison was enlisted in the war. Charles explained everything that went on during is outings, some of which were pretty harsh and intense I could only imagine some of the things that he probably was not allowed saying. Charles had a few main buddies whom stuck by his side and fought with him. In this novel he tells us the things he saw some of the things he explained were pretty gory, for example he watched people as their flesh tore o ff and blood gushed everywhere.War definitely dehumanizes people for the most part. Soldiers dont have as much sympathy for the people who are dying its almost as if they really dont care but being that must be kind of incumbent for a soldier because you cant really sit there and cry over a friend who is dying while your enemies were slowly creeping up on your base. During war you do things you never thought you could ever do in your lifetime such as stabbing someone in the stomach or shooting a man in the face. I lunge forward aiming at his stomach. It is a lightning instinctive moment. The thrust jerks my body something heavy collides with the point of my weapon. Charles says. I doubt Charles would have ever been able to do this without spending months in war, with the same platoon and even watching them all slowly die.

Olpers Uht Milk Essay Example for Free

Olpers Uht draw EssayFirst introducing ab start draw producing skill in Pakistan. With an estimated 33 Billions Liters of annual take out intersection from 50 zillion animals managed by approximately 8 million ground households, according to la bear witness statistics Pakistan is the 4th largest milk producing country in the world. It has a livestock and trade-gardening sector contri justing over 10% to the GDP, and a milk miserliness that in value damage is 27. 7% of the essence agriculture sector. It is an untapped market, expected to grow an superfluous 3 billion liters in the next few classs at a maturement rate faster than more or less sectors. Undeniably, a sector with much(prenominal) credentials can bring about not just a native change but also a dairy farm farm revolution in the country. The annual milk occupation of 33. 6 billion liters in Pakistan is treatd between a 71. 1% overlap for the rural economy and a much smaller urban share of 29%. Only 3% of the total crosswayion of milk is functioninged and marketed through formal channels. For the other 97%, a multi-layered distribution system of middlemen has evolved to allow for milk. The contribution of the formal sector processed milk to real GDP in Pakistan is 0.43% in 2004-05. Despite only a small percentage (3%) of milk be processed, the (UHT) market is growing at a steady rate of 20% a year. Presently 97% of lovesome milk produced in the rural economy is not linked to the market mechanism because of a number of reasons (defined ahead in this paper). Due to this reason, the dairy sector in the rural economy is not making a world-shaking impact in the National economy in accordance with its potential and also with the quantity of milk, which is operable.The face cloth Revolution is targeted to achieve an annual crosswayion of 40 billion liters of milk by 2015 it aims to create an additional 3 million jobs in the formal economy and provide an estimated 350 million rupees per sidereal day in immediate payment flow to farmers in the sector. The Dairy Vision till 2015 . Given success of the programs discussed in this paper, what might the dairy manufacturing look like in the year 2015. The formal sector to be 40% of the total dairy industry.Low cost but good look pasteurized milk to be available in cities and towns accounting for 70% of Pakistans population. Pakistans dairy industry meets the needs of consumers, thus minimizing imports. The arrange of goods strained to consumers is as wide as in say the markets of the Gulf. The well being of farmers throughout Pakistan is enhanced, and dairying is admit to be a profitable enterprise. Dairying will substantiate lifted millions of farmers above subsistence levels of activity. A thriving commercial dairy farming sector will be in place.Well-regarded search Institutes will be active in their chosen fields, with a focus on meeting the needs of farmers. Quality of several(prenominal) sector s of the industry will be such that exports are viable. UHT milk was invented in the 1960s, and became generally available for enjoyment in the 1970s. UHT milk has a typical shelf life of six to nine months, until opened. It can be contrasted with HTST pasteurisation ( eminent temperature/short time), in which the milk is heated to 72C (161. 6F) for at least 15 seconds UHT MILK.UHT milk is a sanitary and veterinary controlled milk which is subjected to special thermal treatment (ultra-pasteurisation or basal High Temperature) which destroys germs and preserves vitamins and nutrients. In the absence of bacteria activity and with the pre-sterilisation of the promotion, the milk becomes less perishable through ultra-pasteurisation, the robustness period of milk is prolonged without adding preservatives. The temperatures lies beyond the boiling point (135 150 C) but the boiling time is very short 2-4 seconds).This very short stage of heating and cooling destroys bacteria and micro organisms and ensures the preservation of vitamins and proteins, unlike the normal boiling of milk, which doesnt destroy all germs and bacteria, instead destroying its feedal value. The validity period varies between 3-6 months, depending on the tone of the raw milk collected from farms (deriving from hygiene during milking alongside discourse and storing conditions until the moment of reception in the factory).After unsealing the box, UHT milk need to be kept refrigerated and consumed indoors the next 3 days. HISTORY OF UHT MILK The infertile publicity implies that both postulateaging and pickaxe environs be sterilised thus preventing any recontamination of the victuals for thought after being purified through thermal treatment. Furthermore, if we trounce about UHT milk, we must know that a multilayer cardboard encase is used, which also contains an aluminum endanger in the middle, captured between the inner layers of cardboard and polyethylene.The cardboard box protec ts the milk from contact with eluci meshing and oxygen, deuce factors that pass to vitamin degradation. Vitamin B2 in milk exposed to light for 12 hours for example in a transparent recipient, degrades up to 35%. Aseptic technology is based on the invention of the Swedish company Tetra Pak, which created the first antiseptic pileaging in 1961. This packaging allows storing milk or other perishable eloquents for a period of 3 6 months, without adding preservatives or refrigerating the product.By forming a barrier and impeding oxygen from penetrating (the packaging consists of multiple cardboard, aluminum and polyethylene layers for the food industry) and using a special technique to sterilise the packaging, uninventive technology ensures the protection of food against environmental aggressions. The International Institute for Food Technologies declared the technology of aseptic processing to be the most important innovation of the 20th century in the industry. Tetra Pak packa ging can consist only of the cardboard and polyethylene layer (both on the outside and on the inside), in which case it is used for pasteurised milk.For UHT milk another special packaging material is used, which contains aluminum foil in the middle. Thus the packaging detects the contents and the milk properties intact for the whole validity period of the product, because it impedes germs and light from penetrating the package (it is a known fact that light diminishes nutritional value of milk) Louis Pasteur already carried out villagers and improve their socio-economic status by experiments on sterilization of milk in bottles, but it was utilizing the agricultural raw materials.The solution is to not until around 1960, when both aseptic processing and link of know edge, skills and investments into the villages, aseptic filling technologies became commercially not only keeping appropriate technology in subsistence available, that the modern victimization of UHT processes level, bu t giving impudently approach in substantial manner so started. UHT-treated milk and other UHT-treated liquid that large value addition even within the limited food products are now reliable worldwide, but it has not investment is affordable by them at villages themselves.always been like that.The first UHT ground operated on the draw production began 6000 years ago or even principle of direct steam injection. Compared with the inearlier. often everywhere on earth, man started container sterilization whole kit and boodles, the in the raw UHT plants soon domesticating animals. As a rule fruit-eating(prenominal) animal, gained a reputation for producing an excellent flavour. multipurpose animals were chosen to satisfy his need The first indirect plant was introduced on the market some of milk, meat, clothing etc. Farmer produces the food ten years subsequent.Research and development confuse been for all human being, however today his status is intense since UHT was first intro duced. moderne plants weak. take out production is the efficient crop to him deliver a superior product with colour and nutritional and will help to improve their income. It is possible values practically unchanged. ABOUT PAKISTAN In Pakistan, modern milk processing in the dairy sector started in early 1960s, and by mid-1970s 23 milk pasteurization and sterilization plants were set up. With one exception, all of them are closed collectible to low consumer acceptance, the short shelf-life of the product and lack of trained manpower.The first UHT plant was set up in Pakistan in 1977. The success of this plant attracted many other investors also and during 1983-87, 20 overbold plants were set up. In the current situation, UHT capacity in the dairy industry is more than the demand for the product. Existing plants are operating below capacity and ontogenesis in demand is not possible to keep pace with the demand for relatively high-priced UHT milk. initial UHT milk processing Plant IN Pakistan Plant Start up Installed Capacity (liters/day) Milko, ltd. Lahore 1977 25,000 MilkPak limited, sheikhupura 1981 150,000 Pakistan Dairies, Sahiwal 1983 50,000.Halla, Pattoki 1984 75,000 Chaudhry Dairies, Bhai Pheru 1986 80,000 Milkways, tandlianwala 1987 90,000(2) Plant arrangement Manufacturer of Year of Establishment Nestle Milkpak ltd Sheikhupura UHT plane milk, UHT toss, Milk pulverizes, yogurt 1981 Nestle Milkpak ltd Kabirwala UHT plane milk, UHT cream, Milk mills 2005 Haleeb Foods limited Bhai Pheru UHT plane milk, UHT cream, Milk powders, yogurt 1986 Haleeb Foods limited R. Y. khan UHT plane milk, UHT cream, Milk powders 2005 Nirala Dairy Pvt Ltd Tandlianwala UHT milk, UHT cream, Milk powders 2004 Premier dairy Pvt.Ltd. Lahore UHT plane milk, Milk powders K K Dairy Pvt. Ltd Lahore UHT plane milk, Milk powders 2005 mover and shaker Gunj Foods ltd Jaranwala UHT plane milk, UHT flavored milk, Milk powders 2003 Noon Pakistan Bhalwal UHT plane m ilk, UHT flavored milk, Milk powders 2003 Engro Foods Ltd Sukkhar UHT plane milk, UHT flavored milk, Milk powders 2005 Engro Foods Ltd Sahiwal UHT plane milk, Ice cream 2007 Royal dairy Karachi UHT flavored milk Millac Foods Pvt. Ltd. Lahore Milk powders . Military Dairy Okara Milk powder and cheese heyday dairy Lahore Yogurt Butt dairy Tandlianwala Milk powder Idara-e-Kissan Pattoki Pasteurized milk and Milk powder Gourmete Lahore Pasteurized milk and ice cream Adams Dairy Sahiwal Cheese and whey powder Alpha Dairy Jhung UHT plane milk, Milk powders PROCESSING TECHNIQUE OF UHT MILK ANGRO FOOD INDUSTRY Foods is among the biggest and straightaway growing conglomerates in Pakistan with a vision to cater to local needs with products conforming to global standards. passing passionate about providing millions of people crosswise the length and breadth of Pakistan and beyond with the ultimate brand experience, our product portfolio comprises some of the countrys bi ggest and best selling brands including Olpers, Olpers Lite, Olfrute, Omore, Omung, Omung Lassi and Tarang. But whether it is our thick, creamy all-purpose milk, scrumptious ice-cream high on nutrition content or refreshing range of fruity beverages, our approach remains largely the same as we strive to keep product innovation at the forefront of our guiding philosophy and consumer satisfaction at the heart of our operational strategy.The word Engro stands for Energy for growth. Engro Corporation limited formerly known as engro chemical Pakistan limited is one of the largest corporation in Pakistan. Engro foods Limited is the subsidiary of Engro Corporation Limited and has started his operations in 2006 (Our Company, 2013). Engro Corporation has chosen the dairy market as their next target to capture. Engro foods are the biggest competitor for the coetaneous organization in the dairy industry like Nestle, Haleeb, Good Milk, and Nurpur.Engro foods are coming up with the quality and reliable product and launch multiple products like Ice cream, Milk powders, Fruit juices, and Flavored Milk. 1. 2 Olpers Milk Olpers Milk is the brand of Engro Corporation Limited started in 2006, which is providing Milk to the customer in Pakistan. Olpers Milk is getting more and more reputation every day in the dairy market as Olpers is providing quality milk and cream to the market. Olpers Milk is highly Ultra heated milk to preserve the thickness of the milk.Olpers Milk is the major competitor for the existing organizations in the dairy milk industry. Olpers Milk has achieved a strong consumer base due to his good quality product all across Pakistan. Olpers Milk is available in different packs of different pack which is Stock keeping unit (SKU), of 200 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml, and 1500 ml value packs. In Pakistan Milk contribute 11% to the GDP, and 35 million people are involved in dairy farming (Jassar Farms (Pvt) Limited, 2013). Olpers has secured 51% Market Share in year 2012 ( Khud Pakistan annual hatch 2012, 2012).Engro Foods which has captured 51% market share in the 4th quarter of 2012 is the giant foods service provider in the food and beverages industry of Pakistan. Engro food is the subsidiary of Engro Corporation Ltd. started his operations in 2006. Engro foods are competing with giant companies currently in the food industry and the growth rate indicates that engro foods are big threat for these companies. Over 5 million people in Pakistan are using engro foods products, and over 50 million people start their day with Olpers Milk. Engro foods defend cardinal milk processing plant located in Sukkar, and Sahiwal.Engro have one dairy farm in sukkar named NARA dairy farm, which is producing 25,285 liters per day, and a total herd size of 3,444 animals of which 1,707 is part of the milk cycle. Engro foods have over 350 distributors across the country which is covering 12 regions. Olpers have three distribution centers in Islamabad, Sukkar, and Sah iwal. Engro foods have consumer centric merchandise strategy for their brands which made engro a giant in the food and beverage industry. 250 ml serving of Tetra pack Calories 159 Sodium 0 mg Total Fat 0 g Potassium 0 mg Saturated 0 g Total Carbs 12 gPolyunsaturated 0 g dietary Fiber 0 g Monounsaturated 0 g Sugars 0 g Trans 0 g Protein 8 g Cholesterol 0 mg Vitamin A 0% Calcium 22% Vitamin C 0% Iron 0% Operations Olpers Milk is managing its operations in a way to maintain the freshness, quality, and thickness of the milk. Production is the main area responsible for making output of inputs being processed. The Production film director is responsible for making sure that a needed and proper raw material is provided on apropos basis, being processed effectively, and turned into finished goods.The production manager has to supervise all the production process and to make sure that the work is going smoothly and to make it more interesting for the staff. The production surgical incis ion has shift in-charge whenever he takes the control he has to review the ongoing production and what material is needed to rescript for successful completion of the output. They always communicate with the employees how to handle machinery, packaging material, and quality assurance. merchandising Sales market is the major revenue enhancement producing area in any business to plan, price, promote, and distribute product to final consumer.Olpers Marketing allow ins Situational Analysis, Target Market, Objectives Goals, Marketing Strategies and the Marketing Mix, and Monitoring and Controlling. Due to good marketing strategies engro foods growth is 35% per year, and 181% growth in Earning per Share (EPS) per year, in 2012, (anwer, imran , 2013). Olpers have over 350 distributors which are serving 12 regions across Pakistan from the three distribution centers in Islamabad, Sahiwal, and Sukkar. Olpers supply chain has secured 24% growth in volume 5 P a g e delivery of dairy and ice cream products in the year 2012 (Khud Pakistan Annual Report 2012, 2012).General constitution Olpers Top management is highly qualified, quick, experienced, and holds degrees in Business Administration from the reputed organization of Pakistan and USA. These managers know the importance of team work, commitment, coordination and support of different department to achieve a commons goal of the company. In the year 2012, the Board of Director held 6 meeting to cover all the activities and new initiative to be taken in near future (Khud Pakistan Annual Report 2012, 2012). gracious option Management.Engro foods have a well-established Human re witnesser department which support in the companys growth. Olpers has an innovative, efficient, and talented workforce. Engro foods HR is one of the best workforces in the country, which is because of its up to date HR Practices the most remarkable of which is recruitment, hiring, training development, instruction execution appraisal. The performance appraisal system of Engro has been declared to be the best in industrial sector of Pakistan. Engros Human Resource department has a best leave system.The Human Resource department at Engro foods is doing succession planning and implementing other HR policies pertaining to motivation, retention, and training development of the employees. Engro foods have a best Compensation Administration in the industry, and providing competitive packages to their employees relatively higher than the competitors. Engro Human Resource offers 23 days holiday per to each employee. Engro Human Resources provides PERKS to the employees on top position in symbol of Car.Engro food has a proper reward system to stimulate performance and productivity of employees. Engro foods believe on equal employment opportunity, and have transparent, merit based performance management system, provide opportunity to employees to realise knowledge for technical and managerial skills via class rooms, and on job training. Besides this engro provides an environment from all forms of discrimination, and agony at workplace, provide flexible working arrangement for all, have good reward policies liking to performance (Booklet, 2012, p. 44).Technological Development Olpers has realized that for successful operations there must be an up to date technology to meet the challenges of the market and to compete in the industry. Technology can be a source of competitive advantage for the company. Olpers have latest and unique technology which has been using for pasteurizing, purifying, and preserving the milk. Olpers uses imported plants machinery for the milk processing. They have a proper system of transferring milk from one place to another which protects the milk from light, heat, and bacteria.The Research and development department of Olpers is very efficient and keep look on the new technologies being introducing in the market. Olpers has two processing plants and production farm (Khud P akistan Annual Report 2012, 2012). Olpers plant is located at the distance of 8 kilometer from the National High way Sahiwal Bypass Pakpattan Road which covers an area of 33. 5 acres of destroy and its production range is 70 SKUs of dairy Olpers, Tarang, and Omore.Engro foods has made some changes in its North Plant which include Installation of a new AMF plant with a production capacity of 3000 liters per hour, Installation of two new A3 lines with a production capacity of 6000 liters per hour, Installation of a new SL-900 (Stick production line) with a production capacity of 720 liters per hour, Installation of two new Ecolean lines with a production capacity of 2250 liters per hour each (Khud Pakistan Annual Report 2012, 2012). The Engro foods South plant is located at a distance of 1. 5 kilometer from Sukkar Barage, which has covers a 27 acres of land (Khud Pakistan Annual Report 2012, 2012).Procurement Olpers has its own dairy farm located in Sukkar named NARA dairy farm, whic h covers 50 acres of land with an additional acreage available for further expansion, and currently have herd size of 3900 animals, which makes it the countrys largest dairy farm. (Khud Pakistan Annual Report 2012, 2012). The farm currently produces 25,285 liters per day with a total herd size of 3,444 animals of which 1,707 is part of the milking cycle (Recipes for Success, 3rd quarter, 2012). Olpers is also collecting milk from rural farmers and have suppliers who provide milk on timely basis to make it possible to offer quality milk to the market.Olpers is focusing more and more on quality of raw milk being collected and conducted a test to check the quality and freshness of raw milk after the test the milk is transferred to the plant for further processing. Internationally recognized test were been conducted to check the raw milk such as adulteration, Microbiological contamination, and adequacy of nutritional contents. The test being performed in the initial stage include inter rogatory smell, taste, color, temperature, clots boiling, fat test, and iodine value. Olpers has established strong relations with its suppliers, farmers, and machinery providers from abroad.Innovation New olpers milk (3d technology) Engro Foods flagship brand Olpers uncover new and innovative packaging formats using holographical technology to create a 3D simulation at a local shopping mall. The new packaging formats include a new format for the region that employs Ecolean technology for 250ml, and Tetra Edge for 1 liter pack. Ecolean also referred to as Olpers mini Jug is a specialized and convenient jug-shaped pouch that offers ease of pouring and handling the pack. It is an eco-friendly and biodegradable packaging with microwaveable capabilities.Tetra Edge, on the other hand, is a premium-packaging format with benefits of a tilted head and a heli cap, which controls milk spillage, increases the usability of the pack and keeps the milk smell-free. Both these are newest innovati ons in milk packaging, not just in Pakistan but worldwide. Olpers is Engro Foods flagship dairy brand and has emerged as the leading dairy product in the market since its launch in 2006 after gaining preference over other established brands and securing a loyal consumer base all across Pakistan.Olpers Milk is sheer indulgence in every sip and is backed by its high nutrition content and invigorating freshness that have become synonymous with the Olpers brand. The new packagings were unveiled by Olpers Brand Ambassador Marina Khan. Olpers created a high definition, extremely intelligent holographic 3D content iGhost to create a jaw dropping virtual world to interact with auditory modality and to take them on a journey which they have never seen or experienced before. iGhost is a technique which creates three-dimensional images.It involves the use of a laser, interference, diffraction, light intensity recording and suitable illumination of the recording. Future of olpers milk olumetri c growth of 50% is expected in the dairy segment combined with Rs10 per litre price tramp in Olpers and Tarang during April to June 2012, estimates BMA Capital as detailed account will be released on a later date. Engro Foods became the leader in tetra pack milk market in 2010 and holds a 44% market share as of March 2012.The result is in line with market expectation as analysts estimated the local food giant to make around Rs1 billion. Sales revenue grew by 47% to Rs19,765 billion during the period review, says a notice sent to the Karachi Stock Exchange on Tuesday. The outgoing quarter witnessed addition Omung Lassi to its portfolio. The product is mollify in the introductory phase and yet to post any significant result. The growth curve is promising to continue upwards as it plans to introduce another 13 products in the near-term future, say analysts.Engro Foods earlier this year announced plans to invest Rs8. 7 billion in expansion this year. Of this Rs2 billion has been set aside for the disintegrate milk business, whereas the rest will be divided between cold chain infrastructure development, dairy capacity expansion and livestock acquisition. The ice cream segments contribution in revenue is also expected to increase to 9. 5% in the second quarter of 2012 from the preceding quarters 4. 2% owing largely to a seasonal uptrend in sales, according to BMA Capital. The stand out in the profit and loss statement was financial charges.Financial expenses the cost of carrying a debt declined by 10% indicating glower capital expenditure, which is concerning especially given the companys aggressive expansion plans . Gross margins improved 3. 51 percentage points to 24. 5% thanks to higher prices for premium Olpers brandOther income increased by 294% to Rs172 million likely due to a better cash position. Meanwhile, financial charges decreased by 16% to Rs441 million during January to June 2012. Going forward, market share expansion in the companys flagship br and Olpers is expected while Omung will likely eat into the loose milk market as well, according to analysts.

Views of Dreams †Carl G. Jung and Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Views of Dreams Carl G. Jung and Sigmund Freud EssayAbstract The study of psychology has given dress up to many differing theories which pull up stakesd us with a deeper understanding and insight to ideates, and has long been viewed as mysterious and incomprehensible. However, no real consensus in the definition of dreams has been reached. In this essay, we will be exploring dream theories proposed by Sigmund Freud who asserted the importance of internal stimuli and dreams as a invent of wish fulfilment, and Carl G.Jungs system which suggested that dreams argon bridges that allow wiz to connect with the unconscious mind mind. As such(prenominal), a cross comparison will be also be done to explore the major confusableities and differences amidst these twain theories which remained influential in todays study of dreams. Views of Dreams Carl G. Jung and Sigmund Freud For centuries, dreams bind been a source of whodunit and regarded as divine. Dreams gain been interp reted as prophecies, predictions of the future, or even symbols of current affairs.These beliefs existed for centuries until modern psychology evolved and gave rise to many theories that wear attempted to give greater insight and understanding of how dreams work and how they pertain to our everyday lives. Dreams ar otherwise defined as mental experiences during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep that have a story-like feature, include rich visual imagery, are often inexplicable, and perceived as real by the dreamer (Antrobus, 1993). There are many varying theories of dreams such as that posited by Antrobus, who suggests that dreams occur collectible to our brains expositions of external stimuli during sleep.Another theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams, wherein a dream serves to stumble unneeded trivialities from the memory much like clean-up operations in a computer in line of battle to refresh the mind to prepare for the next day (Evans modernman, 1964). Ho wever, for the purposes of this essay, we will be styleing at deuce theories of dreams from Carl G. Jung and his mentor, Sigmund Freud, whose kit and boodle remain influential in the modern day study of dreams. Aside from bringing frontward the emphasis of these two theories, this essay will also seek to identify similarities as well as differences between the two.A cross-comparison of these two theories will reveal how similar they are in terms of explaining dreams with regards to the unconscious mind, and yet, differ greatly in centre collect to the different assumptions and approaches taken. According to Jung, dreams are the undeviating, natural flavor of the present state of ones mental world (Jung, 1963). He believes while dreams are a dramatis somebodyae of communicating and acquainting yourself with the unconscious mind, they are not attempts to conceal your true feelings from the waking mind they are more of a window to your unconsciousness.Jung mentions that there ar e two major functions to dreams to compensate and to provide future images to the future. The imbalance of the dreamers idea is compensated with unconscious essenceeds that the conscious mind has overlook or even actively repressed. For example, a person who is overly intellectual contribute have dreams in which they have outbursts of rage, anger, or a mix of emotions. These dreams will attempt to restore the balance by fulfilling accredited impoverished areas of a dreamers consciousness. Greater psychological balance is achieved if the dreamer recognises and accepts these unconscious contents. alike to Freud, Jung considers past experiences to be a factor in dreams. However, he argues that dreams do not only look back to the past, but also forward to anticipate how the dreamers future will exhaust out specifically, that dreams do not hold predictions but are more of a suggestion as to what might happen. Although dreams are deemed personal, Jung (1993) theorises that they a re also part of a collective unconscious. He besides deconstructs this into several parts, where elements of our dreams often cover universal themes and symbols that are believed to be apparent in life, regardless of slipstream or culture.As identified by Jung, these characteristics are grouped into seven major archetypal characters The Persona, The Shadow, The Anima or Animus, The Divine Child, The Wise Old Man or Woman, The Great Mother, and The Trickster. Unique to Jungs theory, he believes that these archetypes salute a natural wisdom found deep within the human unconscious, and their presence in dreams flush toilet provide the dreamer with distinctive understanding and direction. Additionally, Jung (1974) argues that dreams are a projection of ones unconscious mind in apprisal to the external world.This is what Jung classifies as the objective level in relation to interpretation of dreams. Jung goes further by covering the subjective level, where the dream figures are an e mbodiment of who the dreamer sincerely is, based on their own thoughts and feelings. In his view, this is something that the conscious mind is unable to bring out. In Freuds sentiment, dreams are what can be embodied as guardians of sleep. Prior to sleep, one attempts to disconnect from reality by muting all external stimuli, switching off the lights and going to bed.During sleep, the sleeper is protected by the mind, which is further reacting to different disturbances and forming dreams in the process. Freuds main focus, however, is internal stimuli such as strong emotions, forbidden thoughts, and even unconscious desires. For one to be essentially asleep, undisturbed, these stimuli are disguised or censored in some form or another (Freud, 1900). Freuds theory also places strong emphasis on the notion that dreams are a form of fulfilment of suppressed wishes and unconscious desires.In accordance with Freuds (1900) theory, dreams comprise two parts the manifest content and the la tent content. Freuds manifest content can be interpreted as the main content of dreams, namely what the dreamer is able to recall of the dream. It also acts as a censor or a disguised representation of the true underlying thought such that the content appears as acceptable to the dreamer. Latent content can be understood as the decrypted culture that is acquired from the different images and content.Latent content often holds the true meaning the dreamforbidden thoughts and unconscious wishesand, mystic deep within the manifest content, is sometimes unrecognisable. There are also exceptional cases where some(prenominal) the latent and manifest content are indistinguishable Freud refers to these as Infantile Dreams. Freud then further investigates the connection between the latent and manifest content, giving rise to dream work that is the process by which the latent content is converted into the manifest content.Dream work can be differentiated into the following processes Conden sation, Displacement, Symbolism, and Secondary Revision. Firstly, latent content undergoes condensation where two or more latent thoughts are merged to form a manifest image or situation. Next, it goes through the displacement state where emotions or desires towards specific a person or object are then projected onto a remotely significant or vacuous object in the manifest dream. Following that, symbolism is employed, where ambiguous or complex notions are interpret as dream images.In this process, images of similar sounding words may be utilised or even that of a similar looking but more discreet item. Finally, the dream enters the last put of dream work, secondary revision, where the dream is transformed and reconstructed into a fluid scene, losing most of its irrationality and render logical according to the dreamers experiences of everyday life. One of the major similarities between both theories would be the focus on the unconscious mind. Both Freud and Jung believe that dr eams are the direct expressions of the unconscious mind (Davis, 2003 Domhoff, 2001 Freud, 1900 Jung, 1974).Jung mentions that dreams mirror ones unconscious desires and it is directly linked to ones conscious situation, projecting ones inner thoughts. Dreams, according to Freud, can never be instigated simply with just conscious wishes. It has to relate to an unconscious wish before emerging out as dreams. These views coincides that dreams are only formed when the unconscious and the conscious wish tallies (Davis, 2003 Freud, 1900 Jung, 1974 Weitz, 1976). In likeness, both theories agree that the function of dreams serves, mainly, as compensation to the imbalances in our psyche in everyday life (Freud, 1900 Jung, 1974 Davis, 2003).As mentioned earlier, Jung believes that dreams serve to make up for as well as to regulate ones inner conflicting psychical processes. Freuds wish fulfilment theory also has great emphasis on the satisfying of ones unconscious wants. This shows that dream s are whence compensating for the lack of realisation of ones desires during the conscious waking life. Freud also mentions that dreams are sometimes manifested due to biological impulses that arise in the night. For example, a dreamer who is experiencing hunger is likely to dream of eating, showing the compensating temper of dreams.According to these two theories, dreams are otherwise a psychological marker that flags out certain situations, be it in our mental or physiological state, that we should give attention to, rectifying them if possible. Both theorists also concluded that in order to decipher the meaning of dreams, the dreamers assistant is required. This is due to the multiple possibilities of the interpretation of dreams. except with knowledge of ones life, personality as well as past experiences that those images may be accurately decrypted, revealing the true underlying significance of the dream.Such a realisation by both Freud and Jung also brings forth the idea th at both of them agreed on the retrospective nature of dreams, whereby the dreamers experiences in the past do indeed have an impact on the present (Davis, 2003 Jung, 1974 Rodriguez, 2001). While Freud presumes that symbols have fixed and conventional meanings, Jung felt that all symbols are open to interpretation and finding the correct meaning is highly dependent on the dreamer (Beebe, Cambray, Kirsch, 2001 Davis, 2003 Lawson, 2008).This is possible due to the differences in Freuds causal perspective and Jungs final perspective, where causality tends towards the uniformity of meaning, leading to symbols with fixed significance. However, finality states that images in a dream each have their own fundamental values and as such, the range of representative interpretation has to be accepted (Jung, 1974 Jung, 1989). Another reason for the divergence of theories is their interpretations of the mechanism of dream formation.Freud emphasizes strongly on censors and disguises of the latent content via the help of dream work, relying on the dreamers experiences only for the transformation of the dream into one that is unobtrusive. Jung, on the other hand, believes that these contents can be understood only after taking into account the priming and past experiences of the dreamer. Jung also states that dreams are not only connected to the past but they also provide subtle suggestions and predictive images, preparing the dreamer for upcoming events (Jung, 1974).In conclusion, it is apparent that Freuds and Jungs theories are derivatives from the similar understandings of how dreams portray ones unconscious mind. These have led to them being similar as to how dreams have a compensatory function. However, differences in views have arisen from this rudimentary understanding. Henceforth, Freud and Jung have come to different conclusions about the interpretation of dreams. In my opinion, Jung has picked on several of the disparities within Freuds opinions, formulating with h is own concept.As such, there is a close relation between the theories presented by Freud and Jung. To date, dreams still remain a clouded branch, with no single theory that can fully ascertain and explain its intricacy. References Antrobus, J. (1993). Characteristics of dreams. In M. A. Carskadon (Ed. ), Encyclopaedia of sleep and dreaming. New York Macmillan Beebe, J. , Cambray, J. , Kirsch, T. B. (2001). What Freudians can learn from Jung. psychoanalytic Psychology, 18, 213-242. Davis, H. R. (2003). Jung, Freud, and Hillman three depth psychologies in context.Westport, Conn Prageger Domhoff, G. W. (2000). Moving Dream Theory beyond Freud and Jung. Paper presented to the symposium Beyond Freud and Jung? , Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, 9/23/2000. Evans, C. Newman, E. (1964) Dreaming An analogy from computers. New Scientist, 419, 577-579. Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams (S. James, Trans. ). London Oxford University Press. Jung, C. G. (1963). Memories, D reams, Reflections. New York Pantheon. Jung, C. G. (1974). Dreams. (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.)Princeton Princeton University Press. Lawson, T. T. (2008). Archetypes and the collective unconscious. In Carl Jung, Darwin of The Mind (pp. 75-120). London Karnac. Rodriguez, L. S. (2001, January 1). The interpretation of dreams 1900. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 396-401). London Hogarth and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis Weitz, L. J. (1976, April). Jungs and Freuds contributions to dream interpretation a comparison. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 30, 289-293.

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

reproductive Isolating Mechanisms EssayIn the 1940s, Ernst Mayr coined the term Biological Species Concept that was subsequently widely embraced by the scientific community. The definition stated that Species argon groups of actually or po tentially crossover natural populations that argon reproductively isolated from other such groups. certain(a) instruments are in place to prevent species from interbreeding with others and these are referred to as reproductive insulate implements, which are biological incompatibilities. There are many an(prenominal) mechanisms acting on natural populations and these are broadly sorted into two categories to wit prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms. Prezygotic insulate mechanisms are those mechanisms that isolate species before fertilisation i.e. before a fertilized ovum is formed. They include geographical, bionomical, temporal, ethological, mechanical, morphological and gametic isolation. These mechanisms lesson the possibility of gametes from different species coming into contact and hence forming a zygote.One prezygotic isolating mechanism is ecological isolation, as well referred to as habitat isolation. Ecological isolation prevents different species that live in the aforementioned(prenominal) territory but different habitats from interbreeding. These species are referred to as sympatric species since they occur in the very(prenominal) territories. Individuals mate in their preferred habitat, and therefore do not meet individuals of other species with different ecological preferences. An example of ecological isolation occurs deep down the Rana genus. R. grylio, the pig frog and R. areolata, the gopher frog twain occur around in the buff Orleans, Louisiana. The exceptionally aquatic pig frog lives in deep ponds, lakes and marshes amongst go up vegetation and breeds in deep water so has no contact with the gopher frog which lives in burrows during the day, and in the swamp margins at night and breed s in shallow water. This way the possibility of interbreeding among the two species is eliminated.Temporal isolation, also known as seasonal isolation is a prezygotic mechanism that prevents interbreeding amidst species. Temporal isolation is the isolation of species by changing the time at which they release gametes.A particularly strong example of temporal isolation occurs in three tropical orchid species of the genus Dendrobium. The species hardly flower for a single day, opening at dawn and withering by nightfall. The flowering of distributively species is in response to the same environmental stimuli, such as a sudden storm on a hot day, but the lag time amongst the occurrence of the stimulus and the flowering is eight, nine, and ten or eleven in the different species.Since they flower for a single day, inter-species fertilization is made unimaginable because when one species has flowered the others are either not yet mature or already withered. other(a) examples of tempo ral isolation in natural populations are not as pronounced such as in cases were species are isolated due to breeding during different seasons like Sciurus carolinensis, the gray squirrel which duo in July and August and Sc. niger, the fox squirrel which breeds in May and June.Another prezygotic isolating mechanism is ethological isolation or behavioural isolation. This mechanism prevents species, mostly animals from interbreeding based on their different behavioural patterns. It affects animals that occur within the same territory and habitat but with different mating behaviours. In most animals, mates are chosen in a species-specific approach much after species-specific mating rituals of some form. Matings follow these rituals which give the gate be ended if at least one of the mating parties decides that the process leading to the mating is not as expected. Ethological isolation can be strong reproductive isolating mechanism in animals also amongst closely related species.An effective example of ethological isolation occurs in certain frog species of the genus Hyla species. H. versicolor, the gray tree frog and the closely related H. femoralis, pine wood tree frog often breed in the same ponds. Both species are physically very similar but their antheral mating calls, which last or so three seconds and sound the same to humans can be severalize by the female tree frogs and consequently insures species-specific mating. This is also the case when considering why dogs and wolves dont mate as oft as expected because of their different behavioural patterns.Mechanical isolation is a mechanism that prevents copulation between different animal species because of incompatible shape and size of thegenitalia. This occurs in species are sympatric and live in a common habitat and have overlapping breeding seasons without any ethological isolating mechanisms. In shews, athletics in flower structure can inhibit cross species pollination. In California, two sage species, namely Salvia mellifera and S. apiana exhibit this form of prezygotic isolation. Two- lipped S. mellifera has stamens and style in their upper lip, whereas S. apiana has long stamens and style and a specialized floral configuration. Small and medium sized bees that carry pollen on their backs pollinate the two-lipped flowers, and large work and bumble bees that carry pollen on their wings and other body parts pollinate S. apiana. This mechanism thus ensures that pollen cannot be transferred between the species, as only the corresponding pollinators are able to transfer pollen to the style of each flower.Another prezygotic isolation mechanism is morphological isolation, which in some cases overlaps with mechanical isolation mechanisms. This isolating mechanism prevents mating due to differences in size and shape between species. Morphological isolation prevents the spread of genes between the oak tree frog, Bufo quercicus and the Gulf Coast toad, Bufo vallicpes due to the size variation between the two species. The female oak toad has a maximum length of approximately 3 centimetres whereas the smallest Gulf Coast males are about twice as long. This way the size differences between the spaces make copulation extremely unlikely as male oak toads are too small to grasp the female Gulf Coast toad and male Gulf Coast toads are large enough to, and generally do, eat the female oak toads.The last prezygotic isolating mechanism is gametic isolation also known as gametic mortality. Gametic isolation is the mechanism in which fertilization cannot occur between species generally due to chemical incompatibilities between their gametes. In animals that practice inherent fertilization, sperm may not be able to survive in the females sperm receptacles. Some plant species, pollen grains of one species usually cannot germinate on the stigma of another species thus preventing fertilization between species. Since many aquatic animals disperse their ova and sperm into the water, gametesof different species do not have affinities for each other. This wasdemonstrated between the sea urchins Stronglocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus when after induction of simultaneous realease of eggs and sperm, all resultant fertilizations were between eggs and sperms of the same species.Postzygotic isolation mechanisms are those reproductive isolating mechanisms, which are effective after the union of gametes of different species i.e. after fertilisation. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms include hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms reduce the viability or fruitfulness of hybrids or their progeny. These mechanisms come into play when hybridzygotes are formed either naturally or unnaturally.Hybrid inviability is the postzygotic isolating mechanism that occurs between fertilisation and birth. This mechanism prevents the full maturation of zygotes and thus leads to their subsequent death. An example in animals is the death of artificially created sheep-goat hybrid embryos in early developmental stages before birth. Hybrid inviability also occurs in plants, most commonly resulting in hybrid seeds either failing to germinate or dying before long after germination.Hybrid sterility or hybrid infertility is a postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism which affects hybrids that survive to adulthood. This mechanism creates sterile hybrids i.e. hybrids that cannot produce offspring. The most well known example is the case of the mule. When a horse and a donkey mate they are capable of producing offspring called mules. But mules are sterile, go forth them out of the gene pool thus maintaining species integrity.Hybrid breakdown is the last postzygotic isolating mechanism in place to maintain species differentiation. It occurs in cases of crossbreeding were hybrids of inter species matings are viable and fertile. Hybrid breakdown occurs commonly and results in the hybrids offspring or the F2 generation being unviable or significantly weaker and unable to contribute genes to a next generation. Certain cotton plants show this form of reproductiveisolation such as genus Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum and G. tomentosum which produce hybrids that seem viable and fertile, but their offspring die either as seeds, early during development or develop into weaker plants unable to compete and reproduce.Reproductive isolation combines traits that reduce gene flow, such as mate choice or fertilization barriers, with traits that select against genes that have flowed, such as hybrid incompatibility. Reproductive isolating mechanisms are ultimately mechanisms evolved in species to prevent interbreeding with other species and thus allow for scientists to tick off between species using the biological species concept.BibliographyFutuyma, DJ. 1998. Evolutionary biology, 3rd ed., Sinauer Assoc. Inc., USAGriffiths, A.J.F., Miller, J.H. Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M . 1999. Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H Freeman Co. New York.Hale, W. and Margham, J. 1988. Collins Dictionary of Biology. Collins, UK.Mayr, E. 1942 Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York, USA.Mayr, E. (1970) Populations, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.Starr, C. and Taggart, R. (2001). Biology, The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9th ed. Brookes/ Cole, USA.www.abacus.gene.ucl.ac.uk/jim/Sp/isolmech.htmlwww.library.thinkquest.org/ 19926/java/library/clause/17a.ht