Vanguardia movement in cuba Essay Example

Vanguardia development in cuba Paper The craft of the Cuban culture returns to ancient occasions, when thefirst follows where found in caverns. This sort of workmanship was later named as people craftsmanship on account of their temperament and craftsmanship. During the fifteenth and 16thcenturies the island was brimming with neediness and very little craftsmanship spilled out. Painters from outside nations overflowed into Cuba saying it was the way in to the new world. The Cubans returned the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years when specialists thrived and craftsmanship got noticeable, for the most part through Francisco Javier Baez. In current occasions there are 3 craftsmen that are accepted to be the most powerful: Wifredo Lam, Victor Manuel Garcia, and Amelia Pelaez. Wifredo Lam was conceived in Havana, Cuba in 1887. In his initial days as a craftsman his topic rotated around still lifes and scenes of the spots he went to with the Association of Painters and Sculptures of Havana. At the point when he moved to Spain in 1923 his style moved from authenticity to cubism and afterward to oddity. He had hisfirst piece in 1939. His style in that piece comprised of streamlined shapes impacted by cubism and African model. From the 1950s on he began concentrating his craft on visual depiction and earthenware production. The significant highlights of his develop workmanship are refined and striking plans, with an exotic viciousness and an individual vision of the crude artist. In his most recent 30 years Lam has been the focal point of a great deal of review articles and his work is surrounded in huge amounts of workmanship exhibitions around the globe. When he moved to Paris, his central focuses changed and he began painting ladies and ladies with their kids, indicating into the time of woman's rights. In the long run, his specialty was utilized impact the professionals of Santeria. When he had been painting for a long time, he began utilizing dim, strong hues and his canvas turned more sensua l than previously and increasingly dynamic. Victor Manuel Garcia was conceived in Havana, Cuba in 1897. Despite the fact that hefirst began work

College Essay Samples by William Paterson

College Essay Samples by William PatersonCollege essay samples by William Paterson will guide you through the steps involved in writing a top-notch composition. By using these samples, you will have a number of helpful tips to guide you through your own writing process.These samples are rich in information and will give you a good look at various topics. They range from a small personal essay, to a wide-ranging examination of a given theme. You can use them as guidelines, or even completely reconstruct what they cover.Although these samples contain the same information, they are very helpful in helping you to think of different ways to communicate your ideas. For example, you can use one sample for a small personal essay and another for a larger examination of a theme.Of course, as in any writing process, there are going to be times when you do not always get it right. However, by using college essay samples by William Paterson, you will be well on your way to increasing your abiliti es and improving the quality of your writing. These samples are full of information that you can use to get your words flowing.Once you have used these samples and developed a good idea of what you want to say, the next step is to understand how to organize your thoughts and use common sense approaches to make sure that everything is being said in the right way. By having some type of guide to follow, you will be able to move smoothly through the writing process.Many people will tell you that great writers do not write the same way over again. This may be true, but it is also true that when you are not getting it right the first time, you can take a second look at your piece and see if it would be better to rewrite it in a different way. This will not only improve your craft, but will keep you from wasting time and energy on something that will not turn out the way you want it to.These college essay samples are available in a variety of formats and styles. In fact, they can be forma tted for all levels of writing and essay writing. Whether you are an English major, a business major, or just a high school student who is trying to find their way through the literary world, you will find something useful and educational here.Writing is a skill, and this is an easy way to start. Use these College Essay Samples to get started, and improve your craft in no time.

Big-small dreams Essay

Enormous little dreams Essay I have an inquiry for you, an inquiry that, to be completely forthright, is very scary. An issue of thought †what direction of reasoning is better, thinking beyond practical boundaries or being happy with little contemplations? Is it risky to have desires and to fear disappointment? Or on the other hand to have no desires and basically with the exception of disappointment. Can dreamimg large be considerably more hurtful than being unambitious. My entire life I anticipated that myself should perform, to act in the study hall, on the games field and by and large in the entirety of my undertakings. I didnt need to be your run of the mill An understudy type immense, however incredibly famous colossal. I most likely had some inclination to think in this way, since I was a genuinely capable child and worked dexterously at school, accomplishing the objectives I set our for myself. After some time, be that as it may, my inspiration transformed into something unfortunate. I began accepting that I was qualified for progress, and I developed increasingly more baffled as I confronted this present reality. All things considered, in all actuality I didn’t face it a great deal until showing up in grade 10, where my sheltered air pocket of accomplishment would have been popped. The primary unfavorable sign came when I didn’t go anyplace near an ideal score for a maths test. I got an individual score, however it wasnt up to my desire. Which appears to be quite consistent now as the outstanding task at hand developed and increased in trouble, which end up being an obstruction to my advancement. The trap, nonetheless, came before long, when I got a bombing grade in an Afrikaans test, a subject I completely abhorred. I began to feel like a disappointment. Presently you are most likely pondering, â€Å"What does it have to do with dreaming big?† Here’s my answer: I generally thought beyond practical boundaries, and this caused me ignore modest triumphs and to feel entitled for profound respect and triumph. I trust you can think about what occurred straightaway. I developed increasingly disappointed, as I understood you needed to work, and regularly, try sincerely and long, to accomplish what you needed. You even needed to withstand disappointment and ignore your misfortunes †something I was not used to managing by any means. The main sentiment I had about disappointments is that they reduced my past achievements, and my incentive as an individual, and that fruitful individuals never need to manage disappointment, or the naughty inclination that joins it. Thinking beyond practical boundaries is acceptable, it enables an individual to set expansive objectives and plan to do intense things. Be that as it may, it can possibly work if an individual has solid associations with disappointment, tryouts and making modest strides. Achievement hardly comes for the time being. For a large portion of us it takes a long time to accomplish, however nobody needs to make reference to those years †they are an exhausting time of debilitating, plain and nonstop difficult work and commitment. Sounds awful enough for a film, isn't that so? Don’t instruct anybody to simply think beyond practical boundaries †instruct them to think ambitiously while making little strides. Also, recollect, achievement won't discover you, that is the reason its up to you to discover it.

The Marketing Environment - 1829 Words

Executive Summary This report aims to discuss the three parts of the marketing environment; The macro-environment, the micro-environment and the internal environment in relation to the Apple Watch which has yet to be released. The report will look at the possibility of success for the Apple watch in the UK market once it is released and how the levels of the marketing environment impact this success. In the report the threat of competitors in the micro-environment is stressed as the most considerable factor in Apple’s success with their Apple Watch due to their late entry in to the market, whilst also considering other factors from both the micro-environment and the internal environment. The role of economic factors, technological factors and social factors will be discussed in the macro-environment section of this report. In the micro-environment the report discusses competitors and suppliers whilst in the internal environment section, the effect of employees is spoken about in terms of how they can potentially aid the companies success. Table Of Contents Introduction 4 Method 5 Analysis and Interpretation 6 The Macro-Environment 6 Economical 6 Technological 7 Social 8 The Micro-Environment 9 Competitors 9 Suppliers 10 The Internal Environment 11 Employees 11 Conclusions 12 Recommendations 13 References 14 Appendix 17 Introduction Apple areShow MoreRelatedMarketing : Marketing And Environment2654 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 4: Marketing Task 1: Marketing Environment Report ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ Marketing Definition ïÆ'Ëœ Marketing Process - Marketing Environment Analysis - Fixing Marketing Target - Marketing Strategy - Marketing Mix - Marketing Controlling ïÆ'Ëœ Market Orientation - Customer Orientation - Competitor Orientation - Interfunctional Coordination ïÆ'Ëœ Different Orientations which can be adopted by the business - Production Orientation - Product Orientation - Selling Orientation - Ethical and sustainable marketingRead MoreMarketing Environment2470 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3 The Marketing Environment Learning Objectives 1. Describe the environmental forces that affect the company’s ability to serve its customers. 2. Explain how changes in the demographic and economic environments affect marketing decisions. 3. Identify the major trends in the firm’s natural and technological environments. 4. Explain the key changes in the political and cultural environments. 5. Discuss how companies can react to the marketing environment. Chapter Overview Read MoreMarketing Environment5847 Words   |  24 PagesUnderstanding the External Marketing Environment INTRODUCTION â€Å"All businesses operate within an environment, which directly or indirectly affects the way in which they function, just as we as consumers live within a cultural and social environment which to a greater or lesser degree determines the way in which we behave as individuals.† said Elaine O’Brien, University of Strathclyde. Unlike the controllable marketing mix variables, the environmental forces are not controllable by marketersRead MoreMarketing Environment10927 Words   |  44 PagesMARKETING ENVIRONMENT Introduction: A variety of environmental forces influence a company’s marketing system. Some of them are controllable while some others are uncontrollable. It is the responsibility of the marketing manager to change the company’s policies along with the changing environment. According to Philip Kotler, â€Å"A company’s marketing environment consists of the internal factors amp; forces, which affect the company’s ability to develop amp; maintain successful transactionsRead MoreMarketing Environment and Marketing Analysis800 Words   |  4 Pages In the case study ‘Youngcare and the donation landscape’ it is evident that the not-for-profit organization needed to raise funds to provide facilities to Young adults with high needs. In order to do this the organization had to study its environment ie its competitors, raising awareness amongst people and setting its targets. Youngcare competes with other renowned not for profit organizations such as the Red Cross and the McGrath Foundation; its direct competitors. The not for profit organizationRead MoreDiscuss the Marketing Environment1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Marketing Environment consists of a complex set of interacting forces and influences outside the marketing department of an organization. The Marketing Environment affects the organizations ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizingRead MoreThe Russian Marketing Environment1350 Words   |  5 Pagesbig company is to make the brand well known worldwide and to expand the business into other countries. Market Environment is key factor for decision. For a startup of a new venture in other countries, TESCO will have to look for various factors to understand which market strategy would work in Russia. The economical, social (culture), political, legal and institutional market environment factors have to be taken in to consideration when deciding to move in to other countries with venture. For TESCORead MoreMarketing Environment in India1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe  market environment  is a  marketing  term and refers to all of the forces outside of marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. The market environment consists of both the macro environment and the micro environment Demographic factors Study of human population in terms of size, density, location, age gender, race, occupation, other stats India’s demographic report findings * Estimated 1.1 billion people live inRead MoreAnalyzing the Marketing Environment927 Words   |  4 PagesW1A3 Analyzing the Marketing Environment Ronald D. Rooker Sr May 8, 2013 Introduction to Marketing | MKT2010 Instructor: Thomas Harper South University Online One of the current most talked about microenvironments is technology. The rapid changes in the world of technology as we know it keeps people guessing and waiting for the next new breakthroughs. In the auto market with gasoline, prices increasing almost by the minute smaller more fuel-efficientRead MoreIndian Marketing Environment2741 Words   |  11 PagesIndian Marketing Environment Indian Marketing Environment For Global marketers India is not just a single country, it is further divided into tow different countries. India and Bharat. India is looked and appreciated by the whole world. It is growing at the second fastest rate, Its a outsourcing hub, skilled workforce, Nuclear and space power and everything to become a world power. On the other hand, Bharat invovles poverty, Illetracy at high levels, Corruption, Mismanagement, Violnce between releigions

Reflex Systems Essay - 1208 Words

Reflex Systems: Critical Analysis of Human Behavior Under Stress Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the stress factors of organizational pressure and to determine what skills can be used by leaders to diffuse the stress and to get team members to align to a common goal. Engaging a team and making the team members believe that he or she is valued is a skill that leaders should adapt to reduce stress in an organizational setup (Spiers, 2012). Individuals in a team should feel as though his or her contribution to the tasks is an important one. When members of a team feel unappreciated, the goal is subject to setbacks and sometimes failure. Analysis Reflex systems have decided to implement customer relationship†¦show more content†¦This could be the very reason he ignored the signs of a distressed team. Recommendations As leaders, Rankins should own the culture created in the work environment of his team (Spiers, 2012). As counsel to Rankins, there are many factors that contributed to the current dismantling of his team. The first factor is communication. Sally Phillips expressed to Rankins that she was approached by a competitor. Phillips is willing to take a decrease in pay in exchange for quality of life. Although Rankins rebutted her dismissal from the team, Rankins did not offer concern or resolution for his rebuttal. Phillips was in search of empathy from Rankins. Phillips clearly lacked job satisfaction. An easy fix to this situation simply would be to offer a rotation in weekend and nights to allow team members to refresh one’s commitment to the project. The second issue is team members avoiding each other when they should be working together to complete the tasks. This separation and lack of communication halts the process of meeting the goal. When the team members asked how much l onger the project would take, a simple response of â€Å"one more month† was given. The team members have not seen any motivation tactics from their leader. Motivation can attribute to leveling stress within the workplace. Through observation, leaders should be able to determine when his or her team is overwhelmed. As stated earlier, stress is inevitable. Stress can beShow MoreRelatedReflex Systems Case Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesReflex System sold exercise equipment to high school and colleges and to smaller- and medium-size businesses for recreation centers. It has 310 salespeople and its low prices won a lot of sales, but follow-up service was uneven. The new customer relationship management software (CRM) system promised to resolve those problems and the CEO ordered the installation of the system immediately. Henry Rankin was responsible for the technical implementation of the system for the western and eastern salesRead MoreReflex and Pic Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesTendon Reflexes PURPOSE: To identify exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia) or diminished reflexes (hyporeflexia) You will need a reflex hammer to best assess both the brachial and the patellar reflexes. Support the womans arm and instruct her to let it go limp while it is being held so that the arm is totally relaxed and slightly flexed as you assess the brachial reflex. If you have difficulty identifying the correct tendon to tap, have the woman flex and extend her arm until you can feel it movingRead MoreA Case of Cerebrovascular Accident Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagesby the emergency room physician, Samuel is found to have right hemiparesis and diminished pinprick and two-point discrimination on the right side of his head and arm. His deep tendon reflexes are brisk on the right and there is a positive Babinski reflex on the right. He has difficulty articulating answers to the questions he is asked, speaking only a few words and frequently responding with just a verb or a noun. His ability to respond to complicated verbal commands, whether spoken or written, isRead MoreNeonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale ( Nbas )1247 Words   |  5 Pagescircumference, and length. During the ph ysical exam of the newborn each body system is carefully examined for signs of health and normal function. Each of these exams are important ways to learn about an infant s well-being at birth. Infants are born with a number if reflexes that help them to adjust outside of the womb and serve as the foundation for future behavior. Reflexes are an indication of whether or not an infant s nervous system is functional. Some of these reflexes last for a few weeks whileRead MoreAdhd Research Paper837 Words   |  4 Pageswhich specific primitive reflex failed to integrate with the rest of the central nervous system. Here is a list of some examples of various retained primal reflexes that has been shared by Dr. Yannick Pauli: â€Å" †¢ A retained Moro reflex results in the inability to control emotions. The child might be aggressive, insensitive, but also loving and compassionate. This may also cause a hypersensitivity to touch, light, and textures. †¢ A retained Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex can lead to inattention,Read MoreLaw Enforcement Research Paper1191 Words   |  5 PagesATN Smart HD Scope or with any traditional rifle scope as a standalone ballistic calculator. Other new sights include; LRTSI, SMRS, DMR II-I models, STS2 a handgun optic, RTS2, LTO Tracker thermal viewer, MAR 107 1-4.5x24mm scope, RDS Pro MIL-SPEC reflex sight, Vulkan 3 thermal binocular, MIL SPEC, clip-on night vision sight, NEW TECHNOLOGY 4 trail thermal imaging rifle scope, P4XI 1-4x24mm rifle scope, and the MRO a miniature Rifle Optic with red dot sight. (Melanie Basich 2017) AnotherRead MorePatellar Lab Report Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pageseither be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1) The Patellar reflex, or Knee-Jerk reflex, is used to test the nervous tissue in the spinalRead MoreObservation of Myotactic and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes1501 Words   |  6 Pagesto compare monosynaptic reflexes to polysynaptic reflexes. The monosynaptic reflex in this experiment is the myotactic, or Hoffman, reflex that will be seen by simulating the tibial nerve and the polysynaptic reflex is the vestibulo-ocular reflex that will be seen by spinning the subject in a spin chair. A reflex is defined as an involuntary and stereotyped response to a fixed stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). A reflex allows quick responses to things such as pain or other stimulation. In non-classicalRead MoreThe Visual And Vestibular System1571 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to maintain gaze, the visual and vestibular system interact to bring clarity to objects and maintain fixation when the head is moving. This reflex is called the vestibulocular reflex (VOR), and it is continually sending afferent neural signals to the cortex as the head changes position. When the head moves, the cortex sends signals to the ocular muscles to stabilize the eyes to ensure the best vision; the eyes move in the opposite direction of the head movement. When the head moves and theRead MoreHuman Electrophysiology : The Hoffman ( H ) Reflex1785 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Electrophysiology: The Hoffman (H) Reflex 18/09/15 Aimee Redman – 8771811 Group: David Thomas, Sophie Wheldale and Aimee Redman Abstract The Hoffman reflex is a non-invasive means of studying sensorimotor integration in humans. We investigated the physiological basis of the Hoffman reflex in the tibial nerve with regards to the amplitude and latencies of the H and M waves. Introduction The peripheral nervous system is composed of two main fibre types; afferent (sensory) nerve fibres and

Marketing - 1580 Words

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION Marketing Plan: Your company has just developed a new sports drink that is in a container which will keep it cool for up to 6 hours. Write a 3 page paper discussing how you would market the product. Running Head: COOL CONTAINERS MARKETING PLAN 1 Cool-Containers Marketing Plan COOL-CONTAINERS MARKETING PLAN 2 Abstract Cool-Containers, a successful company has recently developed a new and improved sports drink. This sports drink comes in a newly designed container that keeps it cold for a maximum of 6 hours. As a way to†¦show more content†¦Innovation will be the solution to many problems including who has the issue, the number of organizations who have it, and what is the value to them. Differentiation Cool-Containers key strategy of marketing will be built on the differentiation of products. The implementation of the marketing strategy will indicate that when the company uses their competitive edge an emphasis can be made in contrast to the competitors that the sports drink products have an additional value; the drinks now are sold in containers that are reusable. These containers can keep all kinds of liquids to an ideal temperature up to a maximum of 6 hours no matter what season it is or the consumers surrounding environment. In addition, the company puts out a new flavor (strawberry) with the exact quality of the entire line of products that keeps the company among first place in the market. An advantage of differentiation strategy is the product will be very difficult for competitors to copy (Turock, 2004). This kind of advantage will give the company a window of opportunity to prepare new strategies for marketing and financials, as a means of response to the reactio n of the competition. In the future this window of opportunity will give Cool-Containers a means to create a strategy of Cost Leadership in general. By the company using their own experience the opportunity is there to improve reduction in cost and offer prices that are lower thanShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy and create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the processed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (AMA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Functions Of Marketing And Marketing1229 Words   |  5 Pagestrends, the marketing function is used as a measure in the business-to-business practice, to capture and place varied products in a market place (Kono, 2004). A typical market function provides details regarding the planning, information, product distribution, consumer support, risk taking, financing, and standardization and grading amongst other things (Makloof and Sundberg, 2006). In business a market function acts in respect to the corporate marketing, strategic marketing, field marketing and analysisRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing And Marketing1413 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPT Marketing is an act of promoting and selling products or a service, this also includes marketing research and advertising. The marketing concept is the philosophy used by companies to analyse the needs of their customers so they can be better than the competition. As well as this they must also take into consideration the companies capabilities and the environment it is working in, as they can face the pressures of environmental changes. By using the marketing concept companiesRead MoreMarketing Orientation : Marketing And Marketing1450 Words   |  6 Pages A wide range of companies today prefer to adopt the marketing orientated approach to sell their new products rather than using product orientation before.In fact,marketing orientation also helps such companies to earn more profits in the long time.According to Jobber and Ellis Chadwick (2013),marketing orientation focuses on customers need as the primary drivers of organizational performance.However,this is not always the case. Product orientation still be used by some senior executives and thisRead MoreMarketing : Marketing And Relationship Marketing Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating Marketing With the shift in the external marketing environments, Apple has also shifted its marketing strategy. It personalizes marketing through experiential marketing and relationship marketing. â€Å"Experiential marketing promotes a product by not only communicating a product’s features and benefits but also connecting it with unique and interesting consumer experiences† (Strategic Brand Management, P. 181). Customers can easily experience a sense of community every time they walk in intoRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Marketing And Marketing1001 Words   |  5 PagesIn The cutting edge world of marketing dated back in the late 1950s, the four Ps were called the marketing mix, meaning that a marketing plan is a mix of four components. A company who has adopted 4P approach focuses on product, whereas company who has adopted the value approach focuses on value to the consumer. One of other marketing mix is the Value approach. This approach concentrates on delivering value to the consumers or customers, the 4Ps approach is evidently concentrated not on customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1770 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Marketing? A plethora of individuals seem to be misinformed about marketing. Several of these individuals believe that marketing is just advertising. Others will tell you that marketing is all about sales, insinuating that all marketers are just salesmen. Now these beliefs are both right and wrong. â€Å"How can they both be right and wrong at the same time?† you may be asking yourself. Well they are right, because marketing encompasses both advertising and sales. They are both wrong by assumingRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Marketing research is the process that associates the consumers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information — information used to classify and describe marketing prospects and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and development understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research identifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements

Unit 9 Exercise 1 Light sources free essay sample

Unit 9. Exercise 1. Light Sources and Components – Definitions 1. Forward Biased LED – Semiconductor diode with a positive voltage applied to the p-region and a negative voltage to the n-region. 2. Incoherent Light – Light in which the electric and magnetic fields of photons are completely random in orientation. Incoherent light is typically emitted from light bulbs and LEDs. 3. Laser – Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The laser produces a coherent source of light with a narrow beam and a narrow spectral bandwidth (about 2cm). Lasers in fiber optics are usually solid-state semiconductor types. Lasers are used to provide the high-powered, tightly controlled light wavelengths necessary for high-speed, long-distance optical fiber transmissions. 4. Output Pattern – LED and laser semiconductors used in fiber-optic light sources are packaged to couple as much light as possible into the core of the optical fiber. The output pattern, or NA of the light source directly relates to the energy coupled into the core of the optical fiber. 5. Ouput Power – This power of light sources used in fiber-optic communication systems varies dramatically depending on the application. LEDs are typically designed to support transmission distances of up to 2km while laser light achieves distances in excess of 80km. Laser optical power output levels can exceed LED optical output power levels by more than 20dB. 6. Modulation Speed – One factor that can limit the performance/bandwidth of a fiber-optic communication system via the light source. 7. Core Diameter Mismatch – Occurs when there is a difference in the core diameters of the two optical fibers. A los may occur when the core diameter of the transmitting optical fiber is greater than the core diameter of the receiving optical fiber. 8. Current – Flow of electrons in a conductor. 9. PIN Photodiode – works like a PN photodiode; however, it is manufactured to offer better performance. The better performance comes in the form of improved efficiency and greater speed 10. Avalanche Photodiode – With respect to optical fiber equipment, a specialized diode designed to use the avalanche multiplication of photocurrent. The photodiode multiplies the effect of the photons it absorbs, acting as an amplifier. 11. Responsivity – The ratio of a detector’s output to input, usually measured in units of amperes per watt. Also it’s the measure of how well a photodiode converts a wavelength or range of wavelengths of optical energy into electrical current. 12. Optical Subassembly – The portion of a fiber-optic receiver that guides light from the optical fiber to the photodiode. 13. Dynamic Range – The difference between the maximum and minimum optical input power that an optical receiver can accept. 14. Operating Wavelength – The wavelength at which a fiber-optic receiver is designed to operate. Typically, an operating wavelength includes a range of wavelengths above the below the stated wavelength. 15. Fiber-Optic Coupler – A device that combines or splits optical signals. 16. Optomechanical Switch – Redirects an optical signal by moving fiber or bulk optic elements by means of the mechanical devices. 17. Optical Attenuator – Reduces the intensity of light waves, usually so that the power is within the capacity of the detector. There are three basic forms of attenuators: fixed optical attenuators, stepwise variable optical attenuators, and continuous variable optical attenuators. Attenuation is normally achieved either by a doped fiber or an offset or core misalignment. 18. Optical Isolator – A component used to block out reflected and other unwanted light. 19. Wavelength Division Multiplexing – A method of carrying multiple channels through a fiber at the same time whereby signals within a small spectral range are transmitted at different wavelengths through the same optical-fiber cable. 20. Passive Optical Network – An optical network that does not electrically powered equipment or components to get the signal from one place to another. 21. FTTH – Fiber-to-the-home uses optical fiber from the central office to the home. 22. FTTB – Fiber-to-the-building uses optical fiber from the central office to the building and there are no electronics helping with the transmission in between. 23. FTTC – Fiber-to-the-curb fiber runs from the central office and stops at the curb. 24. FTTN – Fiber-to-the-node only has optical fiber from the central office to the node. 25. Feeder Cable – A voice backbone cable that runs from the equipment room cross-connect to the telecommunications cross-connect. A feeder cable may also be the cable running from a CO to a remote terminal, hub, head end, or node. 26. Distribution Cable – An optical fiber cable used â€Å"behind-the-shelf† of optical fiber patch panels; typically composed of 900 micron tight buffered optical fibers supported by aramid and/or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP). 27. Drop Point – Area where a terminal is to be installed. 28. Local Convergence Point – It’s the access point where the feeder cables are broken out into multiple distribution cables. 29. Network Access Point – Is located close to the homes or buildings it services. It’s the pint where a distribution cable is broken out into multiple drop cables. 30. Network Interface Device – Is typically mounted to the outside of the house or building. It’s an all-plastic enclosure designed to house the electronics that support the network.